Table Of Content

2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page i S T R U C T U R E S O F T H E ead H and eck N 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page ii 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page iii S T R U C T U R E S O F T H E ead H and eck N FRANK J. WEAKER, PHD Professor Distinguished Teaching Professor Department of Cellular & Structural Biology The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page iv F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 www.fadavis.com Copyright © 2014 by F. A. Davis Company Copyright © 2014 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Editor-In-Chief: Margaret M. Biblis Senior Acquisitions Editor: T. Quincy McDonald Manager of Content Development: George W. Lang Senior Developmental Editor: Jennifer A. Pine Art and Design Manager: Carolyn O’Brien As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weaker, Frank J. Structures of the head and neck / Frank J. Weaker. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8036-2958-5 I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Head--anatomy & histology. 2. Neck—anatomy & histology. 3. Central Nervous System—anatomy & histology. 4. Dental Hygienists. 5. Stomatognathic System—anatomy & histology. WE 705] QM535 611'.91—dc23 2013016352 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.25 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 978-0-8036-2958-5/14 0 + $.25. 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page v P REFACE The complexity of the head and neck can be overwhelm- skull and vertebrae. In Chapter 3, the muscles of the ing for the novice dental hygiene student who is in the head and neck are presented in a regional approach that initial stages of learning anatomy. includes the neck, pharynx and larynx, face, and mouth This book was written to assist novice students in (Chapters 4–9), followed by Chapter 10 on the fascial learning and understanding the complex regional spaces of the mouth and neck, which are clinically rele- anatomy that will form the foundation of their careers in vant to the spread of infection from the teeth to the neck. dental hygiene. The book is written in a student-friendly The blood vessels and lymphatic structures are presented style, with over 400 vividly colored and labeled illustra- as a system (Chapters 11 and 12), but are also related to tions, tables, and flowcharts. Each chapter begins with their regional locations. The concluding chapters discuss a set of objectives to help the student focus on what neuroanatomy, and include many features that are clin- should be learned by the completion of the chapter. The ically relevant to patient care and to the understanding objectives are followed by a brief overview that explains of medical histories related to neurological disorders. the topic of the chapter and why it is relevant to the stu- Chapter 13 on the brain and spinal cord is a concise dent. Review questions follow the major subdivisions of overview of the organization and function of the central the chapter; these questions allow the student to reflect nervous system. Chapter 14 on sensory and motor path- on the subject matter before continuing on to new mate- ways is generally not included in an anatomy text, but is rial. Major features of each chapter are the specialty important to understanding pain and motor function. boxes that contain additional information regarding Chapter 15 on the autonomic nervous system presents a structure and function, clinical correlates, and develop- brief description of the structure and function of the sym- mental anatomy. Each chapter contains tables or flow- pathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which charts to help the student organize the information to can be affected by pharmacological drugs used in a den- study. In addition to the chapter summary, each chapter tal practice. Chapter 16 offers an overview of cranial ends with a Learning Lab, a unique feature that offers nerve function, with an emphasis on those nerves related the student the opportunity to experience hands-on to the dental profession. The discussion of the trigeminal learning and problem solving through two types of exer- nerve in Chapter 17 is a comprehensive presentation of cises. The Laboratory Activities encourage students to the branches and functions of the nerve, and is followed explore anatomy through palpation of their own bodies by Chapter 18 on intraoral injections. In this chapter, the and through creation of models and simple sketches. Stu- pertinent branches of the trigeminal nerve and their dis- dents will create a model of the muscles of the neck, and tribution are reviewed, injection techniques are com- palpate skeletal features, muscles, and lymph nodes as pared, and the hazards presented by the surrounding well as examine surface features of the face and oral cav- structures around the injection sites are discussed. The ity. The Learning Activities help reinforce students’ final chapter, Chapter 19, is a unique discussion of recognition of anatomical structures by presenting de- orofacial reflexes, which can be invoked during a dental tailed diagrams from the text for labeling, self-testing, examination. In addition, the chapter allows the student and study. Other Learning Lab exercises include clinical to incorporate nerves, muscles, and nerve pathways pre- vignettes in which students must apply their knowledge sented in previous chapters into a functional unit. of anatomy to solve a clinical problem. I have attempted to write this book similar to the way This book is organized in a blended regional and sys- I teach anatomy in the classroom. It is my hope that you temic approach to studying the structures of the head will find anatomy a rewarding learning experience and and neck. It begins with a chapter on anatomical termi- understand its revelence to clinical practice and body nology and introduction to the study of the head and functions. neck. The second chapter focuses on the structure of the FRANKJ. WEAKER, PHD v 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page vi 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page vii R EVIEWERS Suzanne M. Edenfield, EdD RDH Paula Malcomson, RDH, BA, BEd Department Head Professor Department of Dental Hygiene Health Sciences-Dental Programs Armstrong Atlantic State University Fanshawe College of Applied Arts and Technology Savannah, Georgia London, Ontario, CANADA Christine Fambely, DH, Cert. in Health Ed, BA, MEd Patricia Mannie, RDH, MS Instructor Instructor and Director of Hygiene Dental Hygiene Dental Hygiene John Abbott College St. Cloud Technical and Community College Ste. Anne, Quebec St. Cloud, Minnesota Tracy Gift, RDH, MS Martha McCaslin,CDA, MA Director Professor and Program Director Dental Programs Health and Public Services Mohave Community College Dona Ana Community College Bullhead City, Arizona Las Cruces, New Mexico Wanda C. Hayes, BSDH, RSH, CDA Frances McConaughy, RDH, MS Instructor Professor Dental Health Professions Dental Hygiene York Technical College Weber State University Rock Hill, South Carolina Ogden, Utah Linda Hecker, CDA, RDH, BS, MA Kathleen Feres Patry,RHD Professor and Director of Dental Hygiene Instructor Dental Hygiene Dental Hygiene Burlington County College Canadian National Institute of Health Inc. Pemberton, New Jersey Ottawa, Ontario Shahnaz Kanani, DDS Sandra Pence,RDH, MS Professor Program Director Science Division and Dental Hygiene Department Dental Hygiene Program Valencia College University of Alaska, Anchorage Orlando, Florida Anchorage, Alaska Elaine Hopkins Madden,RDH, BS, MEd Constance Baker Phillips, DDS, MA Professor, Dental Hygiene Assistant Professor Health Sciences Dental Hygiene Cape Cod Community College Farmingdale State College West Barnstable, Massachusetts Farmingdale, New York vii 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page viii viii Reviewers Tammy Morgan-Schubert, RDH Anne Uncapher, RDH, MA Professor Associate Professor Health Sciences-Dental Programs Dental Hygiene Department Cambrian College Broome Community College Sudbury, Ontario Binghamton, New York Helen Symons, CDA, RDH, BS, MA Janette Whisenhunt,CDA, RDH, BS, MEd, PhD Professor Department Chair School of Health Sciences, Dental Hygiene Program Dental Education Fanshawe College Forsyth Technical Community College London, Ontario Winston-Salem, North Carolina 2958_FM_i-xvii 05/08/13 11:28 AM Page ix A CKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank the staff at F.A. Davis who allowed me the opportunity to write this textbook in the manner in which I teach my students. I am particularly grate- ful to Quincy McDonald, Acquisition Editor, and to Jennifer Pine, Senior Developmental Editor, who encouraged and guided me through writing and organization of this textbook. No anatomical textbook would be complete without vivid illustrations. I would like to acknowledge David F. Baker, Supervisor of Medical Illustrations, of the Academic Technology Services of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, for the wonderful illustrations in the book. I would like to thank two of my colleagues, Drs. Earlanda L. Williams and Damon C. Herbert for their support and suggestions while writing this book. I would like to also thank Dr. Archie Jones of the Department of Periodontology who helped me with the photographing of the structures of the oral cavity. Finally, I would like to thank my family and students: the students for their encour- agement and suggestions, and my wife and family for their patience and support throughout the completion of this textbook. ix