Table Of Content

This page intentionally left blank Structural Nanocrystalline Materials Nanocrystallinematerialsexhibitexceptionalmechanicalproperties,representinganexcit- ingnewclassofstructuralmaterialsfortechnologicalapplications.Theadvancementofthis importantfielddependsonthedevelopmentofnewfabricationmethods,andanapprecia- tionoftheunderlyingnanoscaleandinterfaceeffects.Thisauthoredbookaddressesthese essential issues, presenting a fundamental, coherent, and current account at the theoreti- calandpracticallevelofnanocrystallineandnanocompositebulkmaterialsandcoatings. Thesubjectisapproachedsystematically,coveringprocessingmethods,keystructuraland mechanicalproperties,andawealthofapplications.Thisisavaluableresourceforgraduate studentsstudyingnanomaterialsscienceandnanotechnologies,aswellasresearchersand practitionersinmaterialsscienceandengineering. C C. K is Professor and Associate Department Head of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University. His principal areas of research include nanocrystalline materials; amorphization by mechanical attrition; mechanical alloying; rapidsolidification;high-temperatureintermetallics;oxidesuperconductors;andmetastable materials.HeisaFellowoftheAmericanPhysicalSociety,theMinerals,MetalsandMateri- alsSociety(TMS),ASMInternationalandtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancement ofScience. I A. O’ is Professor and Head of Laboratory for Nanomaterials Mechanics and Theory of Defects at the Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering (Russian Academy of Sciences) in St. Petersburg. His main research interests include nanostruc- turedbulkmaterialsandfilms;grainboundaries;andadvancedmaterials(nanocrystalline, composite,andnon-crystalline). S S isaProfessorfortheAdvancedMaterialsProcessingandAnalysisCenter attheUniversityofCentralFlorida(UCF).HeisalsotheNanocoordinatorfortheOffice ofResearchatUCF,andDirectoroftheSurfaceEngineeringandNanotechnologyFacility. Hiskeyresearchinterestsincludesurfaceengineering,nanoscienceandnanotechnology. S V isProfessorEmeritusandformerDirectoroftheInstituteforChemistry of Inorganic Materials, Technical University Munich, and Visiting Principal Scientist at theSingaporeInstituteofManufacturingTechnology(SIMTech),Singapore.Hisareasof research interest include materials and surface science; plasma CVC and PVD; thin film coatings; and light-emitting Si and microcrystalline Si. He also teaches courses at the TechnicalUniversityMu¨nichandtheNationalUniversityofSingapore. Structural Nanocrystalline Materials Fundamentals and Applications CARL C. KOCH, ILYA A. OVID’KO, SUDIPTA SEAL, AND STAN VEPREK CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521855655 © C. C. Koch, I. A. Ovid’ko, S. Seal, S. Veprek 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-27930-0 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-10 0-511-27930-2 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-85565-5 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-85565-9 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Preface pageix Acknowledgments xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Coatingsandthinfilms 2 1.2 Bulkparts 5 1.3 Othernanostructuredmaterialsforstructuralapplications 8 1.4 Topicstobecovered 21 References 21 2 Processingofstructuralnanocrystallinematerials 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Methodsforpreparationofbulkstructuralnanocrystallinematerials 27 2.3 Preparationofnanostructured,hard,andsuperhardcoatings 72 References 85 3 Stabilityofstructuralnanocrystallinematerials–graingrowth 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Experimentalmethodsformeasuringgraingrowth 94 3.3 Grain-growththeoriesforconventionalgrainsizematerials 99 3.4 Graingrowthatambienttemperatureinnanocrystallinematerials 108 3.5 Inhibitionofgraingrowthinnanocrystallinematerials 109 3.6 Experimentalstudiesofisothermalgrain-growthkineticsin nanocrystallinematerials 114 3.7 Thinfilmsandcoatings 118 References 128 4 Mechanicalpropertiesofstructuralnanocrystalline materials–experimentalobservations 134 4.1 Elasticpropertiesofnanostructuredmaterials 134 4.2 Anelasticproperties 136 4.3 Hardnessandstrength 138 4.4 Ductilityofnanocrystallinematerials:optimization ofstrengthandductility 151 v vi Contents 4.5 Superplasticityofnanocrystallinematerials 169 4.6 Creepofnanocrystallinematerials 173 4.7 Fatigueofnanocrystallinematerials 177 4.8 Fractureandfracturetoughnessofnanocrystallinematerials 180 4.9 Mechanicalpropertiesofsuperhardnanostructuredcoatings 182 4.10 Summary 194 References 196 5 Mechanicalpropertiesofstructuralnanocrystalline materials–theoryandsimulations 204 5.1 Introduction 204 5.2 Specificstructuralfeaturesofnanocrystallinematerials 208 5.3 Basicconceptsonplasticdeformationprocessesinnanocrystalline materials 217 5.4 Nanoscaleandinterfaceeffectsonlatticedislocationslip 221 5.5 Deformationmodesassociatedwithenhanceddiffusionalonggrain boundariesandtheirtriplejunctions.Competitionbetweendeformation mechanisms.Effectofadistributionofgrainsize 224 5.6 Grain-boundaryslidinginnanocrystallinematerials 229 5.7 Interactionbetweendeformationmodesinnanocrystalline materials.Emissionoflatticedislocationsfromgrainboundaries. Twindeformationmode 245 5.8 Interactionbetweendeformationmodesinnanocrystallinematerials. Rotationaldeformationmode 258 5.9 Fracturemechanismsinnanocrystallinematerials.Generation, growthandconvergenceofnanocracks 268 5.10 Strain-ratesensitivity,ductilityandsuperplasticityof nanocrystallinematerials 291 5.11 Diffusioninnanocrystallinematerials 303 5.12 Concludingremarks 306 References 308 6 Corrosionofstructuralnanomaterials 317 6.1 Introduction 317 6.2 Effectofdefectsandgrainsize 318 6.3 Corrosionofmetallicandalloyednanostructuredmaterials 319 6.4 Nanocrystallinenickel 319 6.5 Nanocrystallinecobaltanditsalloys 320 6.6 Zirconiumanditsalloys 326 6.7 304Austeniticsteels:wetcorrosion 331 6.8 304Austeniticsteels:drycorrosion 333 6.9 Magneticnanocomposites 336 References 338 Contents vii 7 Applicationsofstructuralnanomaterials 341 7.1 Introduction 341 7.2 Ceramicnanocompositesforload-bearingapplications 343 7.3 Bulknanoribbonscantieupphotoniccircuits 343 7.4 Functionallygradientnanoparticles 344 7.5 Nanotechnologyinautomotiveapplications 344 7.6 Nanoclay–polymercompositesforstructuralapplications 346 7.7 Nanotechnologyintheconsumerworld 347 7.8 Nanobeltsforactuatorapplications 350 7.9 Nanosteelforhighwear,toughnessandhardnessapplications 350 7.10 Copper–carbonnanotubecompositeforhighheatapplications 351 7.11 Metalmatrixnanocompositesforstructuralapplications 352 7.12 Applicationofferrofluidswithmagneticnanoparticles 352 7.13 Industrialapplicationsofnanocompositecoatings 355 7.14 Applicationsofelectrodepositednanostructures 358 7.15 Potentialmilitaryapplications 359 7.16 Concludingremarks 360 References 360 Index 362