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Structural design : a practical guide for architects PDF

816 Pages·2007·479.05 MB·English
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ffirs.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page ii ffirs.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page i Structural Design ffirs.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page ii ffirs.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page iii Structural Design A Practical Guide for Architects SECOND EDITION Rod Underwood Michele Chiuini John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (cid:2)(cid:2) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. Pacifico No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the Publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the Publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Underwood, James R. Structural design : a practical guide for architects / James R. Underwood and Michele Chiuini. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-471-78904-8 (cloth) 1. Structural design. 2. Architectural design. I. Chiuini, Michele. II. Title. TA658.U53 2007 624.1’771—dc22 2007013718 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ftoc.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page v Contents Preface xv In the Beginning: The Premise xvii CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Understanding Loads 1 1.1 LOADS 1 1.1.1 How Are Loads Determined? 3 1.1.2 Gravity Loads 3 1.2 TRIBUTARY AREAS 3 1.3 LATERAL LOADS—WIND AND EARTHQUAKES 9 1.3.1 Structural Systems for Lateral Loads 10 1.4 LATERAL LOADS: WIND 12 1.4.1 Wind Design Criteria 13 1.5 LATERAL LOADS: EARTHQUAKE 24 1.5.1 Earthquake-Resistant Construction 25 1.5.2 Earthquake Design—Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 30 1.5.3 Base Shear Force Distribution 37 1.6 LOADING CONDITIONS 37 CHAPTER 2 Load and Resistance Factor Design 49 2.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS 49 2.2 RESISTANCE FACTORS 50 2.3 WORKING STRESSES VERSUS LRFD DESIGN 51 2.4 ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS AND PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS 52 2.5 SHAPE FACTOR 54 PART ONE: STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 CHAPTER 3 Materials and Properties 59 3.1 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL 59 3.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS 60 3.3 YIELD STRESS 61 v ftoc.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page vi vi CONTENTS 3.4 STANDARD SHAPES 61 3.5 FIRE CONSIDERATIONS 63 3.6 SURFACE FINISHES 64 CHAPTER 4 Structural Elements and Systems 67 4.1 MEMBER TYPES 67 4.1.1 Beams 67 4.1.2 Columns 67 4.1.3 Tension Members 67 4.1.4 Bending (cid:2) Compression or Tension 68 4.2 SYSTEM SELECTION 68 4.2.1 Spatial Requirements 68 4.3 LOW-RISE FRAME SYSTEMS 69 4.3.1 Material Utilized and Its Relative Cost as a System 69 4.3.2 Fabrication of Members 69 4.3.3 Erection of the System 69 4.3.4 Miscellaneous Considerations 70 4.4 MEDIUM- AND HIGH-RISE SYSTEMS 72 4.5 ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 75 SECTION 1 Steel Bending Systems 77 CHAPTER 5 Preengineered Systems 79 5.1 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOIST 79 5.1.1 Bridging 90 5.2 STEEL DECKS 91 CHAPTER 6 Steel Beams 115 6.1 BEAM THEORY 115 6.2 BEAMS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 116 6.2.1 LRFD Beam Design 121 CHAPTER 7 Lateral Stability of Beams 133 7.1 CONDITIONS OF STABILITY 133 CHAPTER 8 Supports 147 8.1 BEARING PLATES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS 147 8.2 DESIGN OF BEARING PLATES 149 8.3 COLUMN BASE PLATES 155 8.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATES 156 CHAPTER 9 Web Yielding and Crippling 165 9.1 LOCALIZED FAILURE OF COMPONENTS 165 ftoc.qxd 5/14/07 1:13 PM Page vii vii CONTENTS CHAPTER 10 Built-Up Beams 179 10.1 BUILT-UP SECTIONS 179 10.2 CONNECTION AND LENGTH OF COVER PLATES 184 10.3 HOLES IN THE WEB AND IN THE FLANGES 186 SECTION 2 Steel Axially Loaded Systems 201 CHAPTER 11 Columns 203 11.1 COLUMN THEORY 203 11.2 BUILT-UP COLUMNS 207 11.2.1 Design 209 11.3 COLUMNS WITH UNEQUAL UNBRACED LENGTHS 214 CHAPTER 12 Tension Members 237 12.1 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS 237 12.2 BASIC DESIGN 239 12.3 CONNECTION OF TENSION MEMBERS 240 12.4 SUSPENSION STRUCTURES 242 SECTION 3 Steel Combined Systems 253 CHAPTER 13 Combined Axial Loading and Bending 255 13.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURE 255 13.2 SLOPING BEAMS 260 CHAPTER 14 Trusses 271 14.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 271 14.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 274 14.3 TRUSS ANALYSIS 276 SECTION 4 Steel Connections 287 CHAPTER 15 Bolted Connections 289 15.1 ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES 289 15.2 TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS 289 15.3 BOLTS 291 15.4 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 292 ftoc.qxd 5/3/07 9:41 AM Page viii viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 16 Welded Connections 307 16.1 WELDING AND TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS 307 16.2 STRESSES IN WELDS 309 16.3 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WELD CONSIDERATIONS 309 16.4 FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS 311 PART TWO: WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 CHAPTER 17 Materials and Properties 327 17.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 327 17.2 DENSITY AND WEIGHT OF WOOD 328 17.3 PROTECTION FROM DECAY AND FIRE 329 17.4 DESIGN VALUES 331 17.5 SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS 331 17.6 ADJUSTMENT FACTORS 332 17.7 ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS 334 CHAPTER 18 Wood Structures in Architecture 339 18.1 CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES 339 18.2 THE ARCHITECT’S RESPONSIBILITY IN STRUCTURAL WOOD DESIGN 340 18.3 SELECTION AND CONFIGURATION OF WOOD SYSTEMS 341 18.4 FRAMING SYSTEMS 343 18.4.1 Traditional Light Framing 343 18.4.2 Post-and-Beam Systems 344 18.5 LONG-SPAN SYSTEMS 348 18.5.1 Axial Load and Bending in Roof Systems 348 18.5.2 Frames and Arches 348 18.6 BRACING 349 18.6.1 Diaphragms and Shear Walls 349 18.6.2 Diagonal Bracing 359 18.6.3 Diagonal or Cross-bracing 349 18.6.4 Rigid-Frame System 350 SECTION 1 Wood Bending Systems 351 CHAPTER 19 Bending Members: Floor and Roof Systems 353 19.1 FLOOR FRAMING 353 19.2 JOIST DESIGN 356

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