Structural design : a practical guide for architects

816 Pages·2007·479.05 MB·English

by  Chiuini, Michele, Underwood, James R

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Structural Design
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Structural Design
A Practical Guide for Architects
SECOND EDITION
Rod Underwood
Michele Chiuini
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
(cid:2)(cid:2)
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Underwood, James R.
Structural design : a practical guide for architects / James R. Underwood and Michele
Chiuini. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-471-78904-8 (cloth)
1. Structural design. 2. Architectural design. I. Chiuini, Michele. II. Title.
TA658.U53 2007
624.1’771—dc22 2007013718
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Preface xv
In the Beginning: The Premise xvii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Understanding Loads 1
1.1 LOADS 1
1.1.1 How Are Loads Determined? 3
1.1.2 Gravity Loads 3
1.2 TRIBUTARY AREAS 3
1.3 LATERAL LOADS—WIND AND EARTHQUAKES 9
1.3.1 Structural Systems for Lateral Loads 10
1.4 LATERAL LOADS: WIND 12
1.4.1 Wind Design Criteria 13
1.5 LATERAL LOADS: EARTHQUAKE 24
1.5.1 Earthquake-Resistant Construction 25
1.5.2 Earthquake Design—Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure 30
1.5.3 Base Shear Force Distribution 37
1.6 LOADING CONDITIONS 37
CHAPTER 2 Load and Resistance Factor Design 49
2.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS 49
2.2 RESISTANCE FACTORS 50
2.3 WORKING STRESSES VERSUS LRFD DESIGN 51
2.4 ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS AND PLASTIC
SECTION MODULUS 52
2.5 SHAPE FACTOR 54
PART ONE: STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
CHAPTER 3 Materials and Properties 59
3.1 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL 59
3.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS 60
3.3 YIELD STRESS 61
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CONTENTS
3.4 STANDARD SHAPES 61
3.5 FIRE CONSIDERATIONS 63
3.6 SURFACE FINISHES 64
CHAPTER 4 Structural Elements and Systems 67
4.1 MEMBER TYPES 67
4.1.1 Beams 67
4.1.2 Columns 67
4.1.3 Tension Members 67
4.1.4 Bending (cid:2) Compression or Tension 68
4.2 SYSTEM SELECTION 68
4.2.1 Spatial Requirements 68
4.3 LOW-RISE FRAME SYSTEMS 69
4.3.1 Material Utilized and Its Relative Cost as a System 69
4.3.2 Fabrication of Members 69
4.3.3 Erection of the System 69
4.3.4 Miscellaneous Considerations 70
4.4 MEDIUM- AND HIGH-RISE SYSTEMS 72
4.5 ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 75
SECTION 1
Steel Bending Systems 77
CHAPTER 5 Preengineered Systems 79
5.1 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOIST 79
5.1.1 Bridging 90
5.2 STEEL DECKS 91
CHAPTER 6 Steel Beams 115
6.1 BEAM THEORY 115
6.2 BEAMS IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 116
6.2.1 LRFD Beam Design 121
CHAPTER 7 Lateral Stability of Beams 133
7.1 CONDITIONS OF STABILITY 133
CHAPTER 8 Supports 147
8.1 BEARING PLATES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS 147
8.2 DESIGN OF BEARING PLATES 149
8.3 COLUMN BASE PLATES 155
8.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATES 156
CHAPTER 9 Web Yielding and Crippling 165
9.1 LOCALIZED FAILURE OF COMPONENTS 165
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 10 Built-Up Beams 179
10.1 BUILT-UP SECTIONS 179
10.2 CONNECTION AND LENGTH OF COVER PLATES 184
10.3 HOLES IN THE WEB AND IN THE FLANGES 186
SECTION 2
Steel Axially Loaded Systems 201
CHAPTER 11 Columns 203
11.1 COLUMN THEORY 203
11.2 BUILT-UP COLUMNS 207
11.2.1 Design 209
11.3 COLUMNS WITH UNEQUAL UNBRACED LENGTHS 214
CHAPTER 12 Tension Members 237
12.1 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS 237
12.2 BASIC DESIGN 239
12.3 CONNECTION OF TENSION MEMBERS 240
12.4 SUSPENSION STRUCTURES 242
SECTION 3
Steel Combined Systems 253
CHAPTER 13 Combined Axial Loading and Bending 255
13.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURE 255
13.2 SLOPING BEAMS 260
CHAPTER 14 Trusses 271
14.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 271
14.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 274
14.3 TRUSS ANALYSIS 276
SECTION 4
Steel Connections 287
CHAPTER 15 Bolted Connections 289
15.1 ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES 289
15.2 TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS 289
15.3 BOLTS 291
15.4 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 292
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16 Welded Connections 307
16.1 WELDING AND TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS 307
16.2 STRESSES IN WELDS 309
16.3 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WELD
CONSIDERATIONS 309
16.4 FRAMED BEAM CONNECTIONS 311
PART TWO: WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
CHAPTER 17 Materials and Properties 327
17.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 327
17.2 DENSITY AND WEIGHT OF WOOD 328
17.3 PROTECTION FROM DECAY AND FIRE 329
17.4 DESIGN VALUES 331
17.5 SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS 331
17.6 ADJUSTMENT FACTORS 332
17.7 ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS 334
CHAPTER 18 Wood Structures in Architecture 339
18.1 CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURAL
PHILOSOPHIES 339
18.2 THE ARCHITECT’S RESPONSIBILITY IN STRUCTURAL
WOOD DESIGN 340
18.3 SELECTION AND CONFIGURATION OF
WOOD SYSTEMS 341
18.4 FRAMING SYSTEMS 343
18.4.1 Traditional Light Framing 343
18.4.2 Post-and-Beam Systems 344
18.5 LONG-SPAN SYSTEMS 348
18.5.1 Axial Load and Bending in Roof Systems 348
18.5.2 Frames and Arches 348
18.6 BRACING 349
18.6.1 Diaphragms and Shear Walls 349
18.6.2 Diagonal Bracing 359
18.6.3 Diagonal or Cross-bracing 349
18.6.4 Rigid-Frame System 350
SECTION 1
Wood Bending Systems 351
CHAPTER 19 Bending Members: Floor and Roof Systems 353
19.1 FLOOR FRAMING 353
19.2 JOIST DESIGN 356