Structural and Contractile Proteins Part C: The Contractile Apparatus and the Cytoskeleton

794 Pages·1986·192.96 MB·English

by  Richard B. Vallee (Eds.)

Contributors to Volume 134
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ERIC J. AAMODT (51), Department of Bio- ANTHONY BRETSCHER (4, 5), Section of Bio-
chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology,
Biology, Northwestern University, Evan- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ston, Illinois 20206 35841
CARMELA R. ABRAHAM (37), Program ni B. R. BRINKLEY (27), Department of Cell
Neuroscience, Harvard University Medi- Biology and Anatomy, University of Ala-
cal School, Boston, Massachusetts ,51120 bama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala-
and Center for Neurologic Diseases, bama 35294
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, SUSAN S. BROWN (2), Department of Anat-
Massachusetts 51120 omy and CelI Biology , University of Mich-
THOMAS ACHTSTAETTER (34), Institute of igan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michi-
Cell and Tumor Biology, German Cancer gan 90184
Research Center, D-6900 Heidelberg, JOSEPH BRYAN (3), Department of Cell Biol-
Federal Republic of Germany ogy, Baylor College of Medicine, Hous-
K. W. AEBIG (39), Department of Develop- ton, Texas 03077
mental Genetics and Anatomy, Case JEANNETTE CHLOI~ BULINSKI (15, 42), De-
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, partment of Biology and the Molecular
Ohio 60144 Biology Institute, University of Califor-
W. BRAD AMOS (38), Department of Zool- nia, Los Angeles, California 42009
ogy, Cambridge 2BC 3E J, England K. BURRIDGE (8), Department of Anatomy,
JESOS AVlLA (19), Centro de Biologia Mo- University of North Carolina School of
lecular (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain 41572
ANTHONY J. BAINES (7), ehT Biological F. CABRAL (22), Division of Endocrinology,
Laboratory, University of Kent at Canter- University of Texas Medical School at
bury, Kent 2TC 7NH, England Houston, Houston, Texas 52277
VANN BENNETT (7), Department of Cell -iB W. ZACHEUS CANDE (45), Department of
ology and Anatomy, The Johns Hopkins Botany, University of California at Berke-
University School of Medicine, Balti- ley, Berkeley, California 02749
more, Maryland 50212
RICHARD CHENEY (6), Department of Anat-
STEVEN M. BLOCK (50), Department of Cell omy and Neurobiology, Washington Uni-
Biology, Stanford University School of versity School of Medicine, St. Louis.
Medicine, Stanford, California 50349 Missouri 01136
JOAN BOI~AS (60), MRC/SERC Biology WILLIAM O. COHEN (24), Department of Bi-
Support Laboratory, Daresbury Labora- ological Sciences, Hunter College of the
tory, Warrington WA4 4AD, England City University of New York, New York,
R. C. BRADY (22), School of Veterinary New York ,12001 and the Marine Biologi-
Medicine, Texas A&M University, Col- cal Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachu-
lege Station, Texas 34877 setts 34520
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 134
D. E. COLING (39), Department of Develop- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
mental Genetics and Anatomy, Case Canada H3A 1A1
Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
G. GEUENS (56), Department of Life Sci-
Ohio 44106
ences, Division of Cellular Biology and
ENITSIRHC A. COLLINS 02), Cell Biology Chemotherapy, Janssen Pharmaceutica
Group, The Worcester Foundation for Ex- Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse,
perimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massa- Belgium
chusetts 54510
YRAM F. GRUBSNIG (24), Department of Bi-
NASUS W. CRAIG (9, 43), Department of Bi- ological Sciences, Hunter College of the
ological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins Oty University of New York, New York,
University School of Medicine, Balti- New York 12001
more, Maryland 50212
GGERG G. NESREDNUG (42), Department of
NAHTANOJ DAVIS (7), Department of Cell Biology, University of California, Los
Biology and Anatomy, The Johns Angeles, California 42009
Hopkins University School of Medicine,
MECHTHILD HATZFELD (34), Institute of
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Cell and Tumor Biology, German Cancer
M. DE REDNABARB (56), Department of Life
Research Center, D-6900 Heidelberg,
Sciences, Division of Cellular Biology and
Federal Republic of Germany
Chemotherapy, Janssen Pharmaceutica
Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, AKATUBON AWAKORIH (57), Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of
Belgium
Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113,
JAVIER ED AL TORRE (19), Centro de Biolo-
Japan
gia Molecular (CSIC), Universidad
Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain SHIN-ICHI HISANAGA (33), Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of
J. DE MEY (56), Department of Life Sci-
Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo,
ences, Division of Cellular Biology and
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
Chemotherapy, Janssen Pharmaceutica
Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, YMEREJ S. HYAMS (23), Department of Bot-
Belgium any and Microbiology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, England
H. WILLIAM DETRICH, III (13), Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Missis- DIDIER BOJ (17), INSERM U 244, Departe-
sippi Medical Center, Jackson, Missis- ment de Recherche Fondamentale, Cen-
sippi 39216 tre d'Etudes Nucleaires, 38401 Grenoble,
France
DAVID DRUBIN (16), Department of Biol-
ogy, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- KENNETH A. NOSNHOJ (30, 61), Department
ogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsyl-
vania State University, University Park,
RENREW W. FRANKE (34), Institute of Cell
Pennsylvania 20861
and Tumor Biology, German Cancer Re-
search Center, D-6900 Heidelberg, Fed- DONALD A. KAISER (41), Department of
eral Republic of Germany Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine,
OIHSOY FUKUI (54), Department of Cell Bi-
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
ology and Anatomy, Northwestern Uni-
versity Medical School, Chicago, Illinois DANIEL P. KIEHART (41), Department of
60611, and Department of Biology, Fac- Cellular and Developmental Biology, The
ulty of Science, Osaka University, Toy- Biological Laboratories, Harvard Univer-
onaka, Osaka 560, Japan sity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
CLAUDE GAGNON (31), Urology Research STEPHEN M. KING (23, 29), Cell Biology
Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital and Group, Worcester Foundation for Experi-
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 431 1IIX °..
mental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachu- Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
setts 54510 41572
MARC KIRSCHNER (16, 26), Department of IHSORIH MORI (54), Department of Clinical
Biochemistry and Biophysics, University Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute
of California at San Francisco, San Fran- of Gerontology, ltabashi, Tokyo 173,
cisco, California 34149 Japan
MICHAEL R. KLASS (40), Corporate Molecu- R. NUYDENS (56), Department of Life Sci-
lar Biology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott ences, Division of Cellular Biology and
Park, Illinois 46006 Chemotherapy, Janssen Pharmaceutica
SAMOHT E. KREIS (48), European Molecu- Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse,
lar Biology Laboratory, D-6900 Heidel- Belgium
berg, Federal Republic of Germany Z. O'HALLORAN (8), Department of Anat-
OKOYR KURIYAMA (20), Department of Cell omy, Stanford University Medical
Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of School, Stanford, California 50349
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota J. B. OLMSTED (44), Department of Biology,
55455 University of Rochester, Rochester, New
G. LANGANGER (56), Department of Life York 72641
Sciences, Division of Cellular Biology and TIM OTTER (29), Cell Biology Group, Wor-
Chemotherapy, Janssen Pharmaceutica cester Foundation for Experimental Biol-
Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, ogy, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 54510
Belgium NNAOJ J. OTTO (52), Department of Biologi-
JOEL LEVlNE (6), Department of Neurobiol- cal Sciences, Purdue University, West
ogy, State University of New York at Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Josl~ V. PARDO (43), Department of Psychi-
49711 atry, Washington University School of
RONALD K. H. LIEM (36), Department of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 80136
Pharmacology, New York University DIVAD C. PABMELEE (34), PROGEN
School of Medicine, New York, New York Biotechnik GmbH, D-6900 Heidelberg,
61001 Federal Republic of Germany
WILLIAM LYNCH (5), Section of Biochemis- STEPHEN M. PENNINGROTH (46), Depart-
try, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell ment of Pharmacology, University of
University, Ithaca, New York 35841 Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
DRAHKCE MANDELKOW (58, 59, 60), Max- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Piscata-
Planck-Unit for Structural Molecular Bi- way, New Jersey 45880
ology, D-2000 Hamburg ,25 Federal Re- SAMOHT D. POLLARD (41), Department of
public of Germany Cell Biology and Anatomy, ehT Johns
EvA-MARIA MANDELKOW (58), Max- Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Planck-Unit for Structural Molecular Bi- Baltimore, Maryland 50212
ology, D-2000 Hamburg ,25 Federal Re-
M. M. PRATT (32), Department of Anatomy
public of Germany
and Cell Biology, University of Miami
TREBOR L. MARGOLIS (17), The Fred Hut- School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 10133
chinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle,
RoY A. QUINLAN (34), Medical Research
Washington 40189
Council Laboratory of Molecular Biol-
T. J. MITCHISON (26), Division of Virology, ogy, University Postgraduate Medical
National Institute for Medical Research, School, Cambridge 2BC 2QH, England
London NW7 1AA, England
SELRAHC T. RAUCH (17), ehT FredHutchin-
L. MOLONY (8), Department of Anatomy, son Cancer Research Center, Seattle,
University of North Carolina School of Washington 40189
xiv CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 134
HIKOICHI SAKAI (33), Department of Bio- JOHN R. SIMON (47), Department of Biologi-
physics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sci- cal Sciences and Center for Fluorescence
ence, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Research in Biomedical Sciences, Carne-
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan gie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Penn-
J. L. YRUBSILAS (39), Department of Devel- sylvania 31251
opmental Genetics and Anatomy, Case WILLIAM J. SNELL (25), Department of Cell
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Biology, University of Texas Health Sci-
Ohio 44106 ence Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
E. O. NOMLAS (49), Department of Biology, 53257
University of North Carolina, Chapel FRANK NOMOLOS (14), Department of Biol-
Hill, North Carolina 27514 ogy, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
SHEILA K. SANDERS (43), Tumor Institute, ogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
University of Alabama at Birmingham, SEMAJ A. SPUDICH (50), Department of Cell
Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Biology, Stanford University School of
M. J. SCHIBLER (22), Department of Mo- Medicine, Stanford, California 50349
lecular Biology, Research Institute of D. LANSING TAYLOR (47), Department of
Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037 Biological Sciences and Center for Fluo-
ECURB J. PPANHCS (53), Laboratory of Neu- rescence Research in Biomedical Sci-
robiology, National Institute of Neuro- ences, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pitts-
logical and Communicative Disorders burgh, Pennsylvania 31251
and Stroke, National Institutes of Health MANUEL M. VALDIVIA (27), Department of
at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 34520 Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
HEINZ C. SCHRODER (18), Institute for Alabama 35294
Physiological Chemistry, University of DRAHCIR B. VALLEE (10, ,11 12), Cell Biol-
Mainz, D-6500 Mainz, Federal Republic ogy Group, The Worcester Foundation
of Germany for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury,
DENNIS J. SELKOE (37), Department of Neu- Massachusetts 54510
rology (Neuroscience), Harvard Univer- AICIRTAP HTROWSDAW (49), Department of
sity Medical School, Boston, Massachu- Zoology, Morrill Science Center, Univer-
setts 02115, and Center for Neurologic sity of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massa-
Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospi- chusetts 01003
tal, Boston, Massachusetts 51120 OCSICNARF WANDOSELL (19), Centro de
LuIs ONARRES (19), Centro de Biologia Mo- Biologia Molecular (CSIC), Universidad
lecular (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain LEUMAS WARD (40), Department of Embry-
MICHAEL P. SHEETZ (50), Department of ology, Carnegie Institution of Washing-
Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington ton, Baltimore, Maryland 21210
University Medical School, St. Louis, KLAUS WEBER (18), Max-Planck Institute
Missouri 63110 for Biophysical Chemistry, D-3400 Goet-
JANET D'ANGELO SILICIANO (9), Depart- tingen, Federal Republic of Germany
ment of Anatomy, Harvard University NEGROJ WEHLAND (18), Max-Planck Insti-
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts tute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-3400
51120 Goettingen, Federal Republic of Ger-
TREBOR B. SILVER (21), Laboratory of Mo- many
lecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, MARK WILLARD (6), Department of Anat-
Madison, Wisconsin 53706 omy and Neurobiology, Washington Uni-
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 134 XV
versify School of Medicine, St. Louis, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts
Missouri 01136 General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
YELBOR C. WILLIAMS, JR. (51), Department 41120
of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt Univer-
SmGEHIKO YUMUPa~ (54), Department of
sity, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi
EGROEG B. WlTMAN (28, 29), Cell Biology University, Yamaguchi 753, Japan
Group, Worcester Foundation for Experi-
mental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachu- OKIHSOT K. YUMURA (54), Department of
setts 54510 Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka Uni-
versity, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
JOHN J. KCIWESOLOW (55), Department of
Anatomy, University of Illinois at Chi- TREBOR V. FFORKCAZ (35), Marine Biologi-
cago, Chicago, Illinois 60680 cal Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachu-
H. L. YIN (1), Hematology-OncologY Unit, setts 34520
Preface
This volume represents the second in a series on the contractile appa-
ratus and the cytoskeleton. This area of research is historically rooted in
the investigation of muscle and flagellar motility. The use of the term
"cytoskeleton" is a relatively recent development, and refers to the com-
plex array of filaments and their associated proteins involved in determin-
ing structure and mediating motility in cells in general.
Three distinct types of filament have been described which appear to
be constituents of the cytoskeleton in most cell types. These are actin
filaments (also known as microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate
filaments. The first part of this volume is organized according to these
categories. Actin occurs in a wide variety of structural arrangements.
Along with myosin, it is involved in a number of forms of cellular and
organellar motility in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. Microtubules
form the skeleton of cilia and flagella, and, with dynein, are responsible
for the bending movement of these organelles. Microtubules also exist in
a variety of cytoplasmic arrangements, and are responsible for a number
of less well-understood forms of motility--most notably, the separation
of chromosomes in mitosis. Intermediate filaments are the least well-
understood class of cytoplasmic fiber. They are found in most cell types
and exist in a remarkable variety of polypeptide forms. Little is known as
yet about their specific functions.
Early work on these filament systems stressed their major protein
components--actin and myosin, tubulin and dynein, and the various pro-
teins that compose the core of the intermediate filament structure. A large
number of accessory proteins also exist, many of which are as yet only
partially characterized. Many more such proteins may remain to be iden-
tified. These proteins are apparently responsible for conferring on the
cytoskeleton its organizational plasticity. Some of the accessory proteins
are involved in mediating the interaction of the individual filamentous
elements of the cytoskeleton with other cellular organelles, while others
are involved in controlling filament assembly and disassembly and the
distribution and organization of filaments within the cell. The increasing
research emphasis on the accessory proteins of the cytoskeleton is re-
flected in this volume.
Chapters on proteins that do not conveniently fit into the three struc-
tural categories described above, the existence of which may intimate an
even greater level of complexity in the cytoskeleton than has already been
revealed, are also included.
xvii
XVIII °.o PREFACE
The functional roles of the cytoskeletal proteins are very diverse.
Some of these proteins have catalytic activity, and of these, some are
involved in force production and motility as well. Still others play a
strictly structural role. Characterization of the cytoskeletal proteins has
involved a wide variety of analytic techniques, and has necessitated the
development of many imaginative and novel functional assays. This is
reflected in the latter part of the volume, which is devoted to methods for
characterizing the cytoskeletal proteins.
It would have been impossible to survey the state of what has by now
become a broad area of research without the help of others in the field. I
am particularly indebted to Drs. George Witman and Robert Weihing for
their critical insights during the initial planning of this volume.
DRAHCIR B. VALLEE
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EDITED BY
Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE AT SAN DIEGO
LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA
I. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
II. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
III. Preparation and Assay of Substrates
IV. Special Techniques for the Enzymologist
V. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
VI. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes )deunitnoC(
Preparation and Assay of Substrates
Special Techniques
VII. Cumulative Subject Index
xix

METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan
EMULOV VIII. Complex Carbohydrates
Edited by ELIZABETH F. NEUFELD DNA VICTOR GINSBURG
VOLUME IX. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Edited by WILLIS A. WOOD
EMULOV X. Oxidation and Phosphorylation
Edited by RONALD W. KOORBATSE DNA MAYNARD E. PULLMAN
VOLUME XI. Enzyme Structure
Edited by C. H. W. SRIH
EMULOV XII. Nucleic Acids (Parts A and B)
Edited by LAWRENCE NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XIII. Citric Acid Cycle
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
VOLUME XIV. Lipids
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XV. Steroids and Terpenoids
Edited by RAYMOND B. CLAYTON
VOLUME XVI. Fast Reactions
Edited by HTENNEK NITSUK
EMULOV XVII. Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines (Parts A and B)
Edited by TREBREH ROBAT DNA CELIA ETIHW ROBAT
ixx