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483 Pages·2015·21.45 MB·English
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STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE Thispageintentionallyleftblank STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE Molecular Mechanisms of (cid:1) Host pathogen Interactions Editedby Jeremy Brown CentreforInflammationandTissueRepair,DepartmentofMedicine, UniversityCollegeMedicalSchool,London,UnitedKingdom Sven Hammerschmidt DepartmentGeneticsofMicroorganisms,InterfacultyInstituteforGeneticsandFunctionalGenomics, Ernst-Moritz-ArndtUniversita¨tGreifswald,Greifswald,Germany Carlos Orihuela DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter atSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TXUSA AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125,LondonWall,EC2Y5AS 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Copyrightr2015ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontained inthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-410530-0 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com PrintedandboundinUSA Contents List of Contributors ix 3. Pneumococcal Vaccination Preface xiii and Consequences HECTORD.DEPAZ,LAURASELVAANDCARMEN MUN˜OZ-ALMAGRO SECTION A EffectoftheVaccineonPneumococcalCarriage 42 STREPTOCOCCUS EffectoftheVaccineontheDisease 45 ImpactonAntimicrobialResistance 51 PNEUMONIAE EPIDEMIOLOGY PneumococcalConjugateVaccinationforOlder Adults 51 AND VACCINES Conclusion 52 References 52 1. Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae 4. Vaccine Potential of Pneumococcal MA´RIORAMIREZ,JOA´OA.CARRIC¸O,MARKVANDER Proteins LINDENANDJOSE´MELO-CRISTINO ABIODUND.OGUNNIYIANDJAMESC.PATON EtiologicalDiagnosisofPneumococcal Introduction 59 Infections 3 Next-GenerationPneumococcalVaccineCandidates SomeBasicConceptsinMolecular andStrategies 60 Epidemiology 6 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 69 SerotypingandMolecularTypingof References 71 S.pneumoniae 8 ClonesofS.pneumoniae 14 SECTION B References 17 GENETICS AND FUNCTIONAL 2. Antibiotic Resistance of Pneumococci GENOMICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS LESLEYMCGEE,MATHIASW.PLETZ,JOHNP.FOBIWEAND PNEUMONIAE KEITHP.KLUGMAN Introduction 21 5. Genomics, Genetic Variation, and Regions RiskFactorsforResistance 22 of Differences ClinicalRelevanceofResistance 23 HERVE´TETTELIN,SCOTTCHANCEY,TIMMITCHELL, DetectionofResistance 23 DALIADENAPAITE,YVONNESCHA¨HLE,MARTINRIEGER MechanismsofResistance 24 ANDREGINEHAKENBECK RoleofClonesinResistance 33 VaccinesandResistance 34 StreptococcuspneumoniaeComparativeGenomics 81 ConcludingRemarks 35 VariationandVirulence 89 References 35 S.pneumoniaeandCloseRelatives 95 v vi CONTENTS Acknowledgments 102 InteractionsofPneumococcalCell-WallComponents References 102 withHostFactors 160 ConcludingRemarks 162 6. Regulatory Strategies of the Pneumococcus Acknowledgments 162 References 162 COLINC.KIETZMANANDJASONW.ROSCH Two-ComponentRegulators 109 9. Capsule Structure, Synthesis, Stand-AloneRegulators 114 and Regulation Metal-DependentRegulation 117 ALISTAIRJ.STANDISHANDRENATOMORONA OxidativeStressRegulons 120 RegulatoryRNAs 120 Introduction 169 InterspeciesSignalingandRegulation 121 S.pneumoniaeCPSSerotypes 169 RolesofRegulatorsinDistinctHostPathogenesis TheCapsuleGeneLocus 170 Models 122 BiosynthesisofCPS 172 ChallengesofCrossTalkandDiversity 122 RegulationofCapsuleBiosynthesis 173 ConcludingRemarks 124 Conclusions 177 References 124 References 177 7. Pneumococcal Genetic Transformation 10. Streptococcus pneumoniaeLipoproteins During Colonization and Biofilm Formation and ABC Transporters ANDERSP.HAKANSSON,LAURAR.MARKSAND CLAIREDURMORTANDJEREMYS.BROWN HAZELINEROCHE-HAKANSSON Introduction 181 Introduction 129 GeneralFeaturesofABCTransporterProteinand MechanismsofPneumococcalTransformation 130 LipoproteinOrganization 181 CompetenceandBiofilmFormation 133 GeneticOrganizationofABCTransporters 191 CompetenceandNasopharyngealColonization 137 FunctionsofS.pneumoniaeImportABC Transformation:TheDrivingForceofPneumococcal Transporters 196 Evolution 139 FunctionsofS.pneumoniaeExportABCTransporters 197 ConcludingRemarks 140 RegulationofABCTransporters 199 Acknowledgments 140 RedundancyofS.pneumoniaeABCTransporter References 140 Function 199 RoleinVirulence 200 SECTION C ConclusionsandUnansweredQuestions 202 STREPTOCOCCUS References 202 PNEUMONIAE BIOLOGY 11. Structure and Function of Choline- Binding Proteins 8. The Pneumococcal Cell Wall SERGIOGALA´N-BARTUAL,INMACULADAPE´REZ- NICOLASGISCH,KATHARINAPETERS,ULRICH DORADO,PEDROGARCI´AANDJUANA.HERMOSO ZA¨HRINGERANDWALDEMARVOLLMER Introduction:ThePneumococcalSurfaceProtein Introduction 145 Families 207 CompositionofPneumococcalPG 146 TheCBPFamilyinPneumococciandTheir SynthesisandHydrolysisofPG 148 Relatives 208 GrowthandCellDivision 151 StructuralBasisofCholineRecognitionbyCBPs 213 ChemicalCompositionofPneumococcalTAs 152 Three-DimensionalStructuresofCBPsandTheir BiosynthesisofPneumococcalTAs 158 ImplicationsinPathogenesisandVirulence 215 vii CONTENTS FunctionalCharacterizationofOtherCBPs 222 ConcludingRemarks 269 CBPsinBacteriophages 223 References 270 ConclusionsandPerspectives 226 Acknowledgments 226 SECTION D References 226 PNEUMOCOCCAL 12. Non-Adhesive Surface Proteins of INTERACTIONS WITH Streptococcus pneumoniae THE HOST ALDERTZOMER,PETERW.M.HERMANS ANDHESTERJ.BOOTSMA 15. Nasopharyngeal Colonization Introduction 231 with Streptococcus pneumoniae IdentificationofSurfaceProteins 231 TypesofSurfaceProteins 231 KIRSTYR.SHORTANDDIMITRIA.DIAVATOPOULOS RolesofSurfaceProteins 233 Introduction 279 ProteomicDetectionofSurfaceProteins 239 NaturalBarrierstoPneumococcalColonization 279 ConcludingRemarks 240 DynamicsofPneumococcalColonization 283 References 240 TheRoleofVirusesinPneumococcalColonization 283 ViralInfectionsandPneumococcalTransmission 285 13. Biofilm FormationUnder In Vitro References 287 Conditions 16. Pneumococcal Biofilms and Bacterial CLAUDIATRAPPETTIANDMARCOR.OGGIONI Persistence During Otitis Media Infections PneumococcalBiofilmModels 246 MELISSAB.OLIVERANDW.EDWARDSWORDS QSandBiofilm 247 BiofilmSpecificGeneandProteinExpression 249 TheBiofilmConcept 293 ThePneumococcalBiofilmMatrix 250 PneumococcalBiofilms 294 ResistancetoandinBiofilms 251 BiofilmFormationbyOtopathogens 301 Acknowledgments 253 EvidenceforBacterialBiofilmsinOM 301 References 253 IntroductiontoOM 302 Summary 305 14. Pneumolysin References 305 D.R.NEILL,T.J.MITCHELLANDA.KADIOGLU 17. Pneumococcal Pili and Adhesins History 257 MARKUSHILLERINGMANN,SYLVIAKOHLER,GUSTAVO StructureandFunctionofPneumolysin 258 GA´MEZANDSVENHAMMERSCHMIDT RoleofPneumolysininPathogenesis 259 InflammationandInnateImmuneRecognitionof Introduction 309 Pneumolysin 260 ClassificationandDistributionofPneumococcal ConsequencesoftheEffectsofPneumolysinon Surface-ExposedProteins 309 Inflammation 263 MolecularArchitectureandAssemblyofPneumococcal PneumolysinandComplement 264 PiliasUniqueCellWall(cid:1)AnchoredCovalent PneumolysinandTCellImmunity 264 Polymers 315 PneumolysinandtheEquilibriumBetweenPathogen ImpactofPneumococcalAdhesinsonCarriageand andHost 264 InvasiveDisease 320 TheRoleofPneumolysininPneumococcal ConclusionsandPerspectives 332 Carriage 266 Acknowledgments 337 TheUseofPneumolysinasaVaccine 269 References 337 viii CONTENTS 18. Exploitationof Host Signal 21. Streptococcus pneumoniae Interactions Transduction Pathways Induced by with Macrophages and Mechanisms Streptococcus pneumoniae of Immune Evasion SIMONEBERGMANN,VAIBHAVAGARWAL DAVIDH.DOCKRELLANDJEREMYS.BROWN ANDSVENHAMMERSCHMIDT Introduction 401 Introduction 347 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithPhysicalandMucosal DirectInteractionBetweenAdhesive SolubleImmuneMediators 401 MoleculesandEukaryoticCell-Surface S.pneumoniaeInteractionswiththeMacrophage 402 Receptors 348 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithComplement 407 RecruitmentofECM-ProteinsforIndirect S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithAntibody 414 Bacterial(cid:1)HostCellContact 352 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithNeutrophils 415 Ply:AMultifunctionalEffectorofEukaryotic TheInflammatoryResponseandtheAcutePhase Signaling 356 Response 417 ConcludingRemarks 357 GeneralAspectsofS.pneumoniaeInteractionswith Acknowledgments 358 ImmuneMediators 417 References 358 References 418 19. Mechanisms of Predisposition 22. Cell-Mediated Immunity to Pneumonia: Infants, the Elderly, to the Pneumococcus and Viral Infections ADAMFINNANDRICKMALLEY ANTHONYJ.INFANTE,JONATHANA.MCCULLERS ANDCARLOSJ.ORIHUELA ClassicalCell-MediatedImmunitytoBacteria 423 ImmunodeficiencyandPneumococcalDisease 424 Introduction 363 EvidenceforCell-MediatedImmunitytoPneumococcus DiseaseinChildren 364 inMice 425 AdvancedAgeandEnhancedSusceptibilityto EvidenceforCell-MediatedImmunitytoPneumococcus S.pneumoniae 367 inHumans 428 ImpactofViralInfections 373 NovelPneumococcalVaccinesandCell-Mediated Overview 377 ImmunitytoPneumococcus 430 References 377 References 430 20. Mechanisms Causing the Inflammatory 23. Pneumococcal Invasion: Development Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae of Bacteremia and Meningitis DANIELAM.FERREIRAANDSTEPHENB.GORDON NINAGRATZ,LIPNAMLOHANDELAINETUOMANEN Introduction 383 UpperRespiratoryTractColonization 435 Nasopharynx:Carriage,Inflammation,and ProgressionfromPneumoniatoBacteremia 435 Clearance 387 BloodstreamSurvival 437 PneumococcalPneumonia:ThePerfectParadigm BacteremiaandSepsis 438 ofInflammationandResolution 390 CentralNervousSystemInvasion 438 Sepsis:ChaoticInflammationandaThreattothe CNSInflammatoryResponse 440 Host 395 NeuronalInjury 444 Meningitis:AvoidingDeathinaDesperate Conclusion 445 Situation 396 References 446 TranslationalSignificanceofCompartmental DifferencesinImmuneResponse 397 References 397 Index 453 List of Contributors Vaibhav Agarwal Medical Protein Chemistry, David H. Dockrell The Florey Institute for Host- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield University, Malmo¨ , Sweden; German Research School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Foundation-DFGOfficeIndia,NewDelhi,India Sheffield,UK Simone Bergmann Institute of Microbiology, Claire Durmort Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Technische Universita¨t Braunschweig, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; Braunschweig,Germany CEA,DSV,IBS,Grenoble,France Hester J. Bootsma Laboratory of Pediatric Daniela M. Ferreira Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Liverpool,UK The Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Diseases Adam Finn Bristol Childrens Vaccine Centre, Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National UniversityofBristol,UK Institute for Public Health and the Environment John P. Fobiwe Center for Infectious Diseases and (RIVM),Bilthoven,TheNetherlands Infection Control and Center for Sepsis Care and Jeremy S. Brown Centre for Inflammation and Control,JenaUniversityHospital,Jena,Germany Tissue Repair, University College London, Sergio Gala´n-Bartual Department of London,UK CrystallographyandStructuralBiology,Instituto Joa´oA.Carric¸o InstitutodeMicrobiologia,Instituto de Qu´ımica-F´ısica Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Spain UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal Gustavo Ga´mez Basic and Applied Microbiology Scott Chancey Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Group (MICROBA), School of Department of Medicine, Emory University Microbiology and Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, and Laboratories of Medell´ın, Colombia; Genetics, Regeneration and Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Veterans Cancer Research Group, University Research AffairsMedicalCenter,Atlanta,GA,USA Centre (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia, Dalia Denapaite Department of Microbiology, Medell´ın,Colombia University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Pedro Garcı´a Departamento de Microbiolog´ıa Germany Molecular y Biolog´ıa de las Infecciones, Centro Hector D. de Paz Pediatric Infectious Diseases de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas, CSIC, Madrid, Research Group, Sant Joan de Deu Foundation, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias HospitalSantJoandeDeu,Barcelona,Spain (CIBERES),Madrid,Spain Dimitri A. Diavatopoulos Laboratory of Pediatric NicolasGisch DivisionofBioanalyticalChemistry, Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Borstel,Germany Immunology, Department of Laboratory Stephen B. Gordon Department of Clinical Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Nijmegen,TheNetherlands Liverpool,UK ix

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Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions provides a comprehensive overview of our existing knowledge on Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance, dissemination, and pathogenesis, including immunology. It presents a state-of-the-art overview of the implicatio
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