Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions

483 Pages·2015·21.45 MB·English

by  Jeremy Brown MA MB BS MRCP MD

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
STREPTOCOCCUS
PNEUMONIAE
Molecular Mechanisms of
(cid:1)
Host pathogen Interactions
Editedby
Jeremy Brown
CentreforInflammationandTissueRepair,DepartmentofMedicine,
UniversityCollegeMedicalSchool,London,UnitedKingdom
Sven Hammerschmidt
DepartmentGeneticsofMicroorganisms,InterfacultyInstituteforGeneticsandFunctionalGenomics,
Ernst-Moritz-ArndtUniversita¨tGreifswald,Greifswald,Germany
Carlos Orihuela
DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter
atSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TXUSA
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125,LondonWall,EC2Y5AS
525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK
Copyrightr2015ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe
Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance
CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher
(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden
ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand
usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation
ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom
theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany
liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence
orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontained
inthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-410530-0
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications
visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
www.adi-mps.com
PrintedandboundinUSA
Contents
List of Contributors ix 3. Pneumococcal Vaccination
Preface xiii and Consequences
HECTORD.DEPAZ,LAURASELVAANDCARMEN
MUN˜OZ-ALMAGRO
SECTION A
EffectoftheVaccineonPneumococcalCarriage 42
STREPTOCOCCUS EffectoftheVaccineontheDisease 45
ImpactonAntimicrobialResistance 51
PNEUMONIAE EPIDEMIOLOGY PneumococcalConjugateVaccinationforOlder
Adults 51
AND VACCINES
Conclusion 52
References 52
1. Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus
pneumoniae
4. Vaccine Potential of Pneumococcal
MA´RIORAMIREZ,JOA´OA.CARRIC¸O,MARKVANDER Proteins
LINDENANDJOSE´MELO-CRISTINO
ABIODUND.OGUNNIYIANDJAMESC.PATON
EtiologicalDiagnosisofPneumococcal
Introduction 59
Infections 3
Next-GenerationPneumococcalVaccineCandidates
SomeBasicConceptsinMolecular
andStrategies 60
Epidemiology 6
ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 69
SerotypingandMolecularTypingof
References 71
S.pneumoniae 8
ClonesofS.pneumoniae 14
SECTION B
References 17
GENETICS AND FUNCTIONAL
2. Antibiotic Resistance of Pneumococci GENOMICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS
LESLEYMCGEE,MATHIASW.PLETZ,JOHNP.FOBIWEAND PNEUMONIAE
KEITHP.KLUGMAN
Introduction 21 5. Genomics, Genetic Variation, and Regions
RiskFactorsforResistance 22 of Differences
ClinicalRelevanceofResistance 23
HERVE´TETTELIN,SCOTTCHANCEY,TIMMITCHELL,
DetectionofResistance 23
DALIADENAPAITE,YVONNESCHA¨HLE,MARTINRIEGER
MechanismsofResistance 24
ANDREGINEHAKENBECK
RoleofClonesinResistance 33
VaccinesandResistance 34 StreptococcuspneumoniaeComparativeGenomics 81
ConcludingRemarks 35 VariationandVirulence 89
References 35 S.pneumoniaeandCloseRelatives 95
v
vi
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments 102 InteractionsofPneumococcalCell-WallComponents
References 102 withHostFactors 160
ConcludingRemarks 162
6. Regulatory Strategies of the Pneumococcus Acknowledgments 162
References 162
COLINC.KIETZMANANDJASONW.ROSCH
Two-ComponentRegulators 109 9. Capsule Structure, Synthesis,
Stand-AloneRegulators 114 and Regulation
Metal-DependentRegulation 117
ALISTAIRJ.STANDISHANDRENATOMORONA
OxidativeStressRegulons 120
RegulatoryRNAs 120 Introduction 169
InterspeciesSignalingandRegulation 121 S.pneumoniaeCPSSerotypes 169
RolesofRegulatorsinDistinctHostPathogenesis TheCapsuleGeneLocus 170
Models 122 BiosynthesisofCPS 172
ChallengesofCrossTalkandDiversity 122 RegulationofCapsuleBiosynthesis 173
ConcludingRemarks 124 Conclusions 177
References 124 References 177
7. Pneumococcal Genetic Transformation 10. Streptococcus pneumoniaeLipoproteins
During Colonization and Biofilm Formation and ABC Transporters
ANDERSP.HAKANSSON,LAURAR.MARKSAND CLAIREDURMORTANDJEREMYS.BROWN
HAZELINEROCHE-HAKANSSON
Introduction 181
Introduction 129 GeneralFeaturesofABCTransporterProteinand
MechanismsofPneumococcalTransformation 130 LipoproteinOrganization 181
CompetenceandBiofilmFormation 133 GeneticOrganizationofABCTransporters 191
CompetenceandNasopharyngealColonization 137 FunctionsofS.pneumoniaeImportABC
Transformation:TheDrivingForceofPneumococcal Transporters 196
Evolution 139 FunctionsofS.pneumoniaeExportABCTransporters 197
ConcludingRemarks 140 RegulationofABCTransporters 199
Acknowledgments 140 RedundancyofS.pneumoniaeABCTransporter
References 140 Function 199
RoleinVirulence 200
SECTION C
ConclusionsandUnansweredQuestions 202
STREPTOCOCCUS References 202
PNEUMONIAE BIOLOGY
11. Structure and Function of Choline-
Binding Proteins
8. The Pneumococcal Cell Wall SERGIOGALA´N-BARTUAL,INMACULADAPE´REZ-
NICOLASGISCH,KATHARINAPETERS,ULRICH DORADO,PEDROGARCI´AANDJUANA.HERMOSO
ZA¨HRINGERANDWALDEMARVOLLMER
Introduction:ThePneumococcalSurfaceProtein
Introduction 145 Families 207
CompositionofPneumococcalPG 146 TheCBPFamilyinPneumococciandTheir
SynthesisandHydrolysisofPG 148 Relatives 208
GrowthandCellDivision 151 StructuralBasisofCholineRecognitionbyCBPs 213
ChemicalCompositionofPneumococcalTAs 152 Three-DimensionalStructuresofCBPsandTheir
BiosynthesisofPneumococcalTAs 158 ImplicationsinPathogenesisandVirulence 215
vii
CONTENTS
FunctionalCharacterizationofOtherCBPs 222 ConcludingRemarks 269
CBPsinBacteriophages 223 References 270
ConclusionsandPerspectives 226
Acknowledgments 226 SECTION D
References 226
PNEUMOCOCCAL
12. Non-Adhesive Surface Proteins of
INTERACTIONS WITH
Streptococcus pneumoniae
THE HOST
ALDERTZOMER,PETERW.M.HERMANS
ANDHESTERJ.BOOTSMA
15. Nasopharyngeal Colonization
Introduction 231
with Streptococcus pneumoniae
IdentificationofSurfaceProteins 231
TypesofSurfaceProteins 231 KIRSTYR.SHORTANDDIMITRIA.DIAVATOPOULOS
RolesofSurfaceProteins 233
Introduction 279
ProteomicDetectionofSurfaceProteins 239
NaturalBarrierstoPneumococcalColonization 279
ConcludingRemarks 240
DynamicsofPneumococcalColonization 283
References 240
TheRoleofVirusesinPneumococcalColonization 283
ViralInfectionsandPneumococcalTransmission 285
13. Biofilm FormationUnder In Vitro
References 287
Conditions
16. Pneumococcal Biofilms and Bacterial
CLAUDIATRAPPETTIANDMARCOR.OGGIONI
Persistence During Otitis Media Infections
PneumococcalBiofilmModels 246
MELISSAB.OLIVERANDW.EDWARDSWORDS
QSandBiofilm 247
BiofilmSpecificGeneandProteinExpression 249
TheBiofilmConcept 293
ThePneumococcalBiofilmMatrix 250
PneumococcalBiofilms 294
ResistancetoandinBiofilms 251
BiofilmFormationbyOtopathogens 301
Acknowledgments 253
EvidenceforBacterialBiofilmsinOM 301
References 253
IntroductiontoOM 302
Summary 305
14. Pneumolysin References 305
D.R.NEILL,T.J.MITCHELLANDA.KADIOGLU
17. Pneumococcal Pili and Adhesins
History 257
MARKUSHILLERINGMANN,SYLVIAKOHLER,GUSTAVO
StructureandFunctionofPneumolysin 258 GA´MEZANDSVENHAMMERSCHMIDT
RoleofPneumolysininPathogenesis 259
InflammationandInnateImmuneRecognitionof Introduction 309
Pneumolysin 260 ClassificationandDistributionofPneumococcal
ConsequencesoftheEffectsofPneumolysinon Surface-ExposedProteins 309
Inflammation 263 MolecularArchitectureandAssemblyofPneumococcal
PneumolysinandComplement 264 PiliasUniqueCellWall(cid:1)AnchoredCovalent
PneumolysinandTCellImmunity 264 Polymers 315
PneumolysinandtheEquilibriumBetweenPathogen ImpactofPneumococcalAdhesinsonCarriageand
andHost 264 InvasiveDisease 320
TheRoleofPneumolysininPneumococcal ConclusionsandPerspectives 332
Carriage 266 Acknowledgments 337
TheUseofPneumolysinasaVaccine 269 References 337
viii
CONTENTS
18. Exploitationof Host Signal 21. Streptococcus pneumoniae Interactions
Transduction Pathways Induced by with Macrophages and Mechanisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae of Immune Evasion
SIMONEBERGMANN,VAIBHAVAGARWAL DAVIDH.DOCKRELLANDJEREMYS.BROWN
ANDSVENHAMMERSCHMIDT
Introduction 401
Introduction 347 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithPhysicalandMucosal
DirectInteractionBetweenAdhesive SolubleImmuneMediators 401
MoleculesandEukaryoticCell-Surface S.pneumoniaeInteractionswiththeMacrophage 402
Receptors 348 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithComplement 407
RecruitmentofECM-ProteinsforIndirect S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithAntibody 414
Bacterial(cid:1)HostCellContact 352 S.pneumoniaeInteractionswithNeutrophils 415
Ply:AMultifunctionalEffectorofEukaryotic TheInflammatoryResponseandtheAcutePhase
Signaling 356 Response 417
ConcludingRemarks 357 GeneralAspectsofS.pneumoniaeInteractionswith
Acknowledgments 358 ImmuneMediators 417
References 358 References 418
19. Mechanisms of Predisposition 22. Cell-Mediated Immunity
to Pneumonia: Infants, the Elderly, to the Pneumococcus
and Viral Infections
ADAMFINNANDRICKMALLEY
ANTHONYJ.INFANTE,JONATHANA.MCCULLERS
ANDCARLOSJ.ORIHUELA ClassicalCell-MediatedImmunitytoBacteria 423
ImmunodeficiencyandPneumococcalDisease 424
Introduction 363 EvidenceforCell-MediatedImmunitytoPneumococcus
DiseaseinChildren 364 inMice 425
AdvancedAgeandEnhancedSusceptibilityto EvidenceforCell-MediatedImmunitytoPneumococcus
S.pneumoniae 367 inHumans 428
ImpactofViralInfections 373 NovelPneumococcalVaccinesandCell-Mediated
Overview 377 ImmunitytoPneumococcus 430
References 377 References 430
20. Mechanisms Causing the Inflammatory 23. Pneumococcal Invasion: Development
Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae of Bacteremia and Meningitis
DANIELAM.FERREIRAANDSTEPHENB.GORDON NINAGRATZ,LIPNAMLOHANDELAINETUOMANEN
Introduction 383 UpperRespiratoryTractColonization 435
Nasopharynx:Carriage,Inflammation,and ProgressionfromPneumoniatoBacteremia 435
Clearance 387 BloodstreamSurvival 437
PneumococcalPneumonia:ThePerfectParadigm BacteremiaandSepsis 438
ofInflammationandResolution 390 CentralNervousSystemInvasion 438
Sepsis:ChaoticInflammationandaThreattothe CNSInflammatoryResponse 440
Host 395 NeuronalInjury 444
Meningitis:AvoidingDeathinaDesperate Conclusion 445
Situation 396 References 446
TranslationalSignificanceofCompartmental
DifferencesinImmuneResponse 397
References 397 Index 453
List of Contributors
Vaibhav Agarwal Medical Protein Chemistry, David H. Dockrell The Florey Institute for Host-
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield
University, Malmo¨ , Sweden; German Research School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital,
Foundation-DFGOfficeIndia,NewDelhi,India Sheffield,UK
Simone Bergmann Institute of Microbiology, Claire Durmort Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IBS,
Technische Universita¨t Braunschweig, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France;
Braunschweig,Germany CEA,DSV,IBS,Grenoble,France
Hester J. Bootsma Laboratory of Pediatric Daniela M. Ferreira Department of Clinical
Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Liverpool,UK
The Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Diseases Adam Finn Bristol Childrens Vaccine Centre,
Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National UniversityofBristol,UK
Institute for Public Health and the Environment
John P. Fobiwe Center for Infectious Diseases and
(RIVM),Bilthoven,TheNetherlands
Infection Control and Center for Sepsis Care and
Jeremy S. Brown Centre for Inflammation and Control,JenaUniversityHospital,Jena,Germany
Tissue Repair, University College London,
Sergio Gala´n-Bartual Department of
London,UK
CrystallographyandStructuralBiology,Instituto
Joa´oA.Carric¸o InstitutodeMicrobiologia,Instituto de Qu´ımica-F´ısica Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid,
de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Spain
UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
Gustavo Ga´mez Basic and Applied Microbiology
Scott Chancey Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Group (MICROBA), School of
Department of Medicine, Emory University Microbiology and Universidad de Antioquia,
School of Medicine, and Laboratories of Medell´ın, Colombia; Genetics, Regeneration and
Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Veterans Cancer Research Group, University Research
AffairsMedicalCenter,Atlanta,GA,USA Centre (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia,
Dalia Denapaite Department of Microbiology, Medell´ın,Colombia
University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Pedro Garcı´a Departamento de Microbiolog´ıa
Germany Molecular y Biolog´ıa de las Infecciones, Centro
Hector D. de Paz Pediatric Infectious Diseases de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas, CSIC, Madrid,
Research Group, Sant Joan de Deu Foundation, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias
HospitalSantJoandeDeu,Barcelona,Spain (CIBERES),Madrid,Spain
Dimitri A. Diavatopoulos Laboratory of Pediatric NicolasGisch DivisionofBioanalyticalChemistry,
Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel,
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences,
The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Borstel,Germany
Immunology, Department of Laboratory Stephen B. Gordon Department of Clinical
Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Nijmegen,TheNetherlands Liverpool,UK
ix