Strategies to reduce sodium intake in the United States PDF
Preview Strategies to reduce sodium intake in the United States
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States Jane E. Henney, Christine L. Taylor, and Caitlin S. Boon, Editors; Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake; Institute of Medicine ISBN: 0-309-14806-5, 480 pages, 6 x 9, (2010) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake Food and Nutrition Board Jane E. Henney, Christine L. Taylor, and Caitlin S. Boon, Editors PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This study was supported by Contract No. 200-2005-13434, Task Order No. 14, between the National Academy of Sciences and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, Task Order No. 219, between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Contract No. HHSF223200811156P between the National Academy of Sciences and the Food and Drug Administration; and Contract No. HHSP233200800635P between the National Academy of Sciences and Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. International Standard Book Number: International Standard Book Number: Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624- 6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at www.iom.edu. Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html COMMITTEE ON STRATEGIES TO REDUCE SODIUM INTAKE JANE E. HENNEY (Chair), College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH CHERYL A. M. ANDERSON, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD SONIA Y. ANGELL, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY LAWRENCE J. APPEL, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD GARY K. BEAUCHAMP, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA RONETTE R. BRIEFEL, Mathematica Policy Research, Washington, DC MARSHA N. COHEN, Hastings College of the Law, University of California, San Francisco CHRISTINA A. MIRELES DEWITT, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater GREG DRESCHER, The Culinary Institute of America, St. Helena, CA MARY K. MUTH, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC ROBERT J. RUBIN, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC JOHN RUFF, Winnetka, IL GLORIAN SORENSEN, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA ELIZABETH A. YETLEY, Upper Marlboro, MD Study Staff CHRISTINE L. TAYLOR, Study Director CAITLIN S. BOON, Program Officer HEATHER B. DEL VALLE, Associate Program Officer EMILY ANN MILLER, Research Associate MARIANNE J. DATILES, Senior Program Assistant (from December 2007 to June 2009) SAUNDRA LEE, Senior Program Assistant (from June 2009) ANTON BANDY, Financial Officer GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant LINDA D. MEYERS, Director, Food and Nutrition Board v PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Armand V. Cardello, U.S. Army Natick Soldier R,D&E Center, Natick, MA Nancy M. Childs, St. Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA Robert Earl, Grocery Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC John D. Floros, The Pennsylvania State University, State College Karen Glanz, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Deanna M. Hoelscher, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Daniel W. Jones, University of Mississippi, Oxford Eileen T. Kennedy, Tufts University, Boston, MA Barbara K. Rimer, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dwight Riskey, PepsiCo (retired), Plano, TX William B. Schultz, Zuckerman Spaeder LLP, Washington, DC Frances H. Seligson, Nutrition Consultant, Hershey, PA Walter Willett, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse vii PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html . the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elaine L. Larson, Columbia University, and Johanna Dwyer, National Institutes of Health. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution. viii PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12818.html Preface In 1969, the White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health issued recommendations that, among other important nutrition concerns, highlighted the role of sodium in hypertension and marked the starting point of public health initiatives to address the high levels of sodium intake among the U.S. population. Forty years later, in January 2009, the first meeting of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake convened. In the intervening years, much had changed—what we eat, where we eat, and who prepares our food. However, in spite of the attempts of many in both the public health community and the food industry, what did not change is the amount of sodium we consume each day, largely in the form of salt. High sodium intake puts the whole population—young and old, male and female, all ethnic groups—at risk for hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular events such as heart failure and stroke. Hypertension is extraordinarily common: 32 percent of adult Americans have hypertension, and roughly another third have pre- hypertension. The costs of these health conditions are staggering. Estimates place the direct and indirect costs of hypertension at $73.4 billion in 2009. The committee’s charge was to recommend strategies to reduce Americans’ intake of sodium to levels consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In the wake of the many unsuccessful and/or unsustainable efforts, this was no small task, but—in light of the potential public health benefit that could be achieved if the goal was met—it was a worthy one. Simply put, the task of the committee was broad, far-reaching, and complex. I am delighted that the assembled committee had the individual expertise and experience as well as the collective will to serve the health of the public and the willingness to meet the significant challenge of our charge. It was a privilege to be a part of this effort. Over the course of the study, we met often and consulted many sources. Our first meeting set the tone as we heard from each of our study sponsors. A subsequent public hearing elicited needed input and was extremely useful to the committee’s deliberations. Invited speakers ix PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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