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Strategies for Preventing Terrorism PDF

129 Pages·2013·0.57 MB·English
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Strategies for Preventing Terrorism DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 Also by Tore Bjørgo POLITISK KOMMUNIKASJON: INTRODUKSJON TIL SEMIOTIKK OG RETORIKK (with Daniel Heradstveit; Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Bulgarian editions) POLITISK TERRORISME (with Daniel Heradstvei; in Norwegian) RACIST VIOLENCE IN EUROPE (co-edited, with Rob Witte; English and Norwegian editions) TERROR FROM THE EXTREME RIGHT (editor) RACIST AND RIGHT-WING VIOLENCE IN SCANDINAVIA: Patterns, Perpetrators, and Responses NATION AND RACE: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture (co-editor, with Jeffrey Kaplan) VOLD, RASISME OG UNGDOMSGJENGER: Forebygging og bekjempelse (with Yngve Carlsson; in Norwegian) GENERALISERT HAT – POLARISERTE FELLESSKAP: Om konflikter mellom ungdomsmiljøer i en norsk by (with Y. Carlsson & T. Haaland; in Norwegian) ROOT CAUSES OF TERRORISM (editor) LEAVING TERRORISM BEHIND: Individual and Collective Disengagement (co-editor, with John Horgan) POLICE SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES: Towards a European Approach (with five co-authors) DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 Strategies for Preventing Terrorism Tore Bjørgo Professor of Police Science, Norwegian Police University College DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 Tore Bjørgo © 2013 Foreword © Alex P. Schmid 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–35509–6 EPUB ISBN: 978–1–137–35508–9 PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–35507–2 Hardback A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. www.palgrave.com/pivot doi: 10.1057/9781137355089 Contents Foreword by Alex P. Schmid vii Preface ix Part I A Theory for Practice 1 Introduction 2 Definitions of concepts and analytical approaches 4 Theoretical considerations on preventive mechanisms 6 Models of crime prevention 9 Nine generic mechanisms for preventing crime 12 From model to strategy 24 Part II The Preventive Mechanisms Applied 2 Norm Setting against Violence and Terrorism 31 3 Reducing the Emergence of Terrorism and Violent Radicalisation 38 4 Deterring Involvement in Terrorism 49 DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 vi Contents 5 Disrupting Planned Terrorist Attacks 55 6 Protecting Vulnerable Targets 64 7 Reducing the Harmful Consequences of Terrorist Attacks 71 8 Reducing the Rewards from Acts of Terrorism 76 9 Incapacitation – Eliminating the Capacity of (Potential) Terrorists to Cause Harm 81 10 Disengagement from Terrorism 86 11 Some Conclusions 95 Bibliography 99 Index 110 DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 Foreword An enormous amount of money has been spent in the last 12 years by governments on reacting to terrorism. However, this is not adequately reflected in the commensurate amount of analyses evaluating how wisely hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent on dealing with terror- ism. Many of the government efforts have often focused on military operations, including pre-emption and tar- geted killings or the disruption of terrorist activities by intelligence-led operations. Sometimes this has been done under the label of prevention even though there are indi- cations that some of these very same actions have fanned rather than prevented terrorist activities. Prevention is a concept and policy that is used in many fields, e.g. health care and epidemiology. There its exploration and practice is more developed than when it comes to the control of violence in general or terrorism in particular. This is, for instance, reflected in the fact that some epidemiological researchers make a distinction between various levels of prevention, e.g. primary, second- ary and tertiary prevention. Others even add more levels, including ‘primordial prevention’ (actions inhibiting the emergence of risk factors) and, at the other far end, even ‘quaternary prevention’ actions (meant to deal with the negative consequences of excessive counter-measures). While there are many good books on crime preven- tion as well as conflict prevention, there is, strangely enough, no really good volume on the prevention of ter- rorism. There have been some laudable attempts in this DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 vii viii Foreword direction, including a volume by Ronald Clark and Graeme Newman on Outsmarting the Terrorists (2006) in which they tried to take principles from situational crime prevention and apply them to the prevention of terrorism. Key to this approach is to reduce opportunities and rewards for terrorist crimes. Building on their work but going well beyond it, we now have this new study by Tore Bjørgo, Professor at the Norwegian Police University College in Oslo. Strategies for Preventing Terrorism introduces a new generic and systematic model of terrorism prevention. It has been said that nothing is as practical as a good theory and while this is not always true, it certainly applies to this short but powerful study. Already in his past work on Root Causes of Terrorism (2005) and Leaving Terrorism Behind (2009) Prof. Bjørgo has shown himself to be an original thinker and this is again confirmed in this monograph which breaks new ground. The beauty of this study lies in its logic and simplicity. With great clarity, he introduces nine preventive mechanisms, outlines the measures that need to be taken to implement them, explains who has to take them against whom and what the pros and cons of each of the proposed measures are. The book is an eye-opener – once you have read it you wonder how we could fail to see the problem of prevention of terrorism in any other terms. It should be on the desk of every counter-terrorism professional. Alex P. Schmid Director, Terrorism Research Initiative Editor, Perspectives on Terrorism DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 Preface The purpose of this study is to put society’s fight against terrorism into a comprehensive crime prevention perspec- tive with a clear, understandable theoretical foundation. The analysis results in a general model for the prevention of crime, which in principle is applicable to almost all types of crime. Traditionally, both the police and other social actors have tended to think of the prevention of crime/terrorism and responses to crime/terrorism as two separate tracks or activities. The model presented in this book goes beyond this division by also looking at sanctions and harm reduction within a comprehensive prevention perspective. Thus, this study considers terrorism a serious form of crime and discusses counter-terrorism within the framework of crime prevention. When I started to work on this model1 back in 2006, it was prompted by a frustration with the fact that official action plans and counter-terrorism strategies in my home country Norway and elsewhere largely appeared to be sum- maries of measures which had already been introduced or established. There was, and still is, a general lack of stra- tegic analyses of what one can and ought to do to reduce the problem of terrorism based on a clear and analytical understanding of how different measures can have such an effect. The British CONTEST (COuNter-TErrorism STrategy) represents a step forward in this respect. Although not DOI: 10.1057/9781137355089 ix

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