Strategies for improving public transportation access to large airports

152 Pages·2002·4.64 MB·English

by  Matthew A Coogan

TCRP
TRANSIT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 83
Sponsored by
the Federal
Transit Administration
Strategies for Improving
Public Transportation
Access to Large Airports
TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of July 2002)
SELECTION COMMITTEE
(as of June 2002) OFFICERS
CHAIR Chair: E. Dean Carlson, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT
LINDA S. WATSON Vice Chair: Genevieve Giuliano, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, USC, Los Angeles
Corpus Christi RTA Executive Director:Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
MEMBERS
DANNY ALVAREZ
Miami-Dade Transit Agency WILLIAM D. ANKNER,Director, Rhode Island DOT
KAREN ANTION THOMAS F. BARRY, JR.,Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT
Karen Antion Consulting MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT
GORDON AOYAGI
JACK E. BUFFINGTON,Associate Director and Research Professor, Mack-Blackwell National Rural
Montgomery County Government
Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas
JEAN PAUL BAILLY
SARAH C. CAMPBELL,President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, DC
Union Internationale des Transports Publics
JOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America
J. BARRY BARKER
Transit Authority of River City JAMES C. CODELL III, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
RONALD L. BARNES JOHN L. CRAIG,Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
Central Ohio Transit Authority ROBERT A. FROSCH, Sr. Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
LINDA J. BOHLINGER SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Prof. of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
HNTB Corp. LESTER A. HOEL, L. A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Depart. of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia
ANDREW BONDS, JR. RONALD F. KIRBY,Director of Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Parsons Transportation Group, Inc. H. THOMAS KORNEGAY,Exec. Dir., Port of Houston Authority
JENNIFER L. DORN BRADLEY L. MALLORY,Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT
FTA
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of
NATHANIEL P. FORD, SR.
Technology
Metropolitan Atlanta RTA
JEFF P. MORALES, Director of Transportation, California DOT
CONSTANCE GARBER
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, DC
York County Community Action Corp.
JOHN REBENSDORF, Vice Pres., Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, NE
FRED M. GILLIAM
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority CATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency
SHARON GREENE JOHN M. SAMUELS, Sr. Vice Pres.-Operations Planning & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation,
Sharon Greene & Associates Norfolk, VA
KATHERINE M. HUNTER-ZAWORSKI PAUL P. SKOUTELAS,CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
Oregon State University MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Exec. Dir., Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA
ROBERT H. IRWIN MARTIN WACHS,Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley
British Columbia Transit MICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH
JOYCE HOBSON JOHNSON M. GORDON WOLMAN,Prof. of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University
North Carolina A&T State University
CELIA G. KUPERSMITH
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and
Transportation District MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association
PAUL J. LARROUSSE REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute, Atlanta, GA
National Transit Institute JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
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Connecticut Transit
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
CLARENCE W. MARSELLA
ELLEN G. ENGLEMAN, Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S.DOT
Denver Regional Transportation District
ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of
STEPHANIE L. PINSON
Engineers
Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc.
HAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering
ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR.
DMJM+HARRIS JANE F. GARVEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT
JEFFERY M. ROSENBERG EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads
Amalgamated Transit Union JOHN C. HORSLEY, Exec. Dir., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
RICHARD J. SIMONETTA MICHAEL P. JACKSON,Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S.DOT
pbConsult ROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. DOE
PAUL P. SKOUTELAS WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association
Port Authority of Allegheny County MARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA
PAUL A. TOLIVER MARY E. PETERS,Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT
King County Metro
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
JON A. RUTTER, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT,Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
WILLIAM W. MILLAR
ASHISH K. SEN,Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT
APTA
MARY E. PETERS ROBERT A. VENEZIA, Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
FHWA
JOHN C. HORSLEY TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
AASHTO
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.
E. DEAN CARLSON, Kansas DOT(Chair)
TRB
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
LOUIS F. SANDERS LESTER A. HOEL,University of Virginia
APTA WILLIAM W. MILLAR, American Public Transportation Association
JOHN M. SAMUELS, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
SECRETARY ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
ROBERT J. REILLY PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
TRB MICHAEL S. TOWNES,Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
TCRP
REPORT 83
Strategies for Improving
Public Transportation
Access to Large Airports
LEIGHFISHERASSOCIATES
San Mateo, CA
in association with
MATTHEWA. COOGAN
White River Junction, VT
and
MARKETSENSE
Boston, MA
SUBJECTAREAS
Public Transit • Aviation • Planning and Administration
Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2002
www.TRB.org
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRPREPORT 83
The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, Project B18-A FY’99
environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public ISSN 1073-4872
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and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is
©2002 Transportation Research Board
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PROJECT PANEL B-18A
Field of Service Configuration
MICHELE L. JACOBSON, Lea & Elliot, Inc., San Francisco, CA (Chair)
ZALE ANIS, Volpe Center, Cambridge, MA
CHRISTINA CASGAR, Foundation for Intermodal Research and Education, Greenbelt, MD
RICHARD C. FEDER, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA
GRACE HUGHES, Marin Airporter, San Rafael, CA
LAURENCE KIERNAN,Federal Aviation Administration
ALFRED LAGASSE, International Taxicab and Livery Association
JEROME M. LUTIN, New Jersey Transit Corporation
RICHARD MARCHI, Airport Council International, Washington, DC
TERESITA WAGNER,Miami-Dade Aviation Department
SCOTT A. BIEHL, FTA Liaison Representative
DAVID VOZZOLO, FTA Liaison Representative
ARTHUR L. GUZZETTI, APTA Liaison Representative
JOSEPH A. BREEN, TRB Liaison Representative
FOREWORD This report will be of interest to individuals involved in planning and implementing
improved public transportation access to large airports. The report presents the results of
By Dianne S. Schwager the second phase of a two-part research effort. The results of the first phase of the research
Staff Officer were published as TCRP Report 62: ImprovingPublic Transportation Access to Large
Transportation Research Airports. The two reports provide considerable information and practical guidance.
Board
Under TCRP Project B-18A, “Strategies for Improving Public Transportation
Access to Large Airports,” the research team of Leigh Fisher Associates, Matthew A.
Coogan, and MarketSense prepared the report. In response to the project objective, the
researchers identified strategies to improve public transportation access to large air-
ports through market-based planning and improved management of ground access to
airports.
TCRP Report 83: Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large
Airports provides practical information on how to plan and improve public trans-
portation access to large airports. Chapter 1 provides background on why this study is
important at this time, which is because congestion at large airports continues to
increase. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 present aspects of a market-based approach to planning
ground access services to airports. Specifically, Chapter 2 presents the results of
research on the characteristics of public ground transportation use to large U.S. air-
ports and describes the market environment in which these services operate. Chapter
3 examines the influence of demographic segmentation on the propensity to choose
public mode services to access airports, both in Europe and the United States. Chap-
ter 4 describes ways to increase the use of public transportation services for work trips
by employees who work at airports.
Chapters 5, 6, and 7 examine management strategies for improving the quality
of public transportation services to large airports. Chapter 5 focuses on business
arrangements, such as open and exclusive agreements with transportation operators,
that effect the day-to-day operations of passenger ground transportation at airports.
Chapter 6 reviews a variety of strategies for accommodating baggage carried by trav-
elers en route to and from airports, set in the context of increased priority for the secu-
rity of transportation operations. Chapter 7 examines new and evolving information
technology intended to provide intermodal information and ticketing options to air
travelers.
Chapter 8 integrates the entire report. This chapter summarizes key elements of the
previous seven chapters and presents a guidebook for a market-based strategy for
improving public transportation access to large airports. The six-step process outlined
in the guidebook includes (1) establishing public policy goals, (2) undertaking a pro-
gram for data gathering and system monitoring, (3) understanding the markets revealed
and their relationship to candidate solutions, (4) designing a program of services and
strategies, (5) managing the airport to encourage higher-occupancy-vehicle use for
ground access to airports, and (6) getting the word out. The report identifies additional
research opportunities associated with each of these areas.
An important conclusion presented in the report is that strong leadership, often
within airport management, and a willingness to spend the needed money are generally
both required to improve public transportation ground access to airports.
CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY
13 CHAPTER 1 A Planning Process Based on the Needs of the User
Context of Chapter 1, 13
Airport Ground Access as a National Policy Issue, 13
Airport Access as a Regional Issue, 15
Ground Access Issues and Airport Asset Management, 16
Building on the Previous Research Effort, 18
Understanding the Scale of Ground Access Markets, 24
Understanding the Scale of Public Transportation Capacity, 25
Developing a New Approach to Airport Ground Access Planning, 27
28 CHAPTER 2 Documenting Airport Market Conditions
Supportive of Public Ground Transportation Services
Context of Chapter 2, 28
Terms Used to Describe Airport Ground Transportation Markets, 28
Air Passenger Trip-End Densities Associated with
Ground Access Markets, 29
Trip-End Densities Associated with Fixed-Route and Schedule Services, 32
Trip-End Densities Associated with Shared Door-to-Door Services, 38
Express Modes from Regional Collection Points, 44
The Geography of Public Ground Transportation to Airports, 47
Summary of Findings, 48
51 CHAPTER 3 The Importance of Demographic Segmentation
Context of Chapter 3, 51
Basic Concepts of Market Segmentation in Airport Access, 51
Variation by Demographic Segment: Total Airport Markets, 53
Variation by Demographic Segment: Prime Geographic Markets, 57
Variation by Demographic Segment: Prime U.S. Markets, 60
Additional Segmentation in Scandinavia, 64
Mode Shift to New Services: Variation by Market Segment, 67
Conclusions, 68
70 CHAPTER 4 Improving Public Mode Share for Employees
Context of Chapter 4, 70
Factors Influencing Employee Use of Public
Transportation—Initial Hypotheses, 70
Airport Employee Survey Results, 71
Key Considerations for Improving Employee Public
Transportation Mode Share, 74
Conclusion: The Importance of the Airport Employee Market, 77
79 CHAPTER 5 Strategies for Improving the Management of
Airport Ground Access Services
Context of Chapter 5, 79
Airport Ground Transportation Management Strategies, 79
Measures to Encourage Use of Public Transportation, 81
Business Arrangements at Airports to Improve Service to the
Traveling Public, 87
Regulatory Constraints to the Introduction of New Services, 88
91 CHAPTER 6 Baggage, Off-Airport Processing, and Security
Context of Chapter 6, 91
Understanding the Need for Baggage-Handling Strategies, 91
Strategies for Improving Baggage Handling for Public Mode Services, 92
Strategies that Use Off-Airport Baggage Check-In, 92
Strategies that Do Not Assume Off-Airport Check-In, 97
Hybrid Strategies: Strategies for Partial Processing, 98
Implications of Baggage-Handling Strategies, 101
Other Changes from Recent Regulations, 102
104 CHAPTER 7 Getting Intermodal Information to the Customer
Context of Chapter 7, 104
Market Research and Marketing Strategies, 104
Intermodal Information at the Time of Trip Planning, 106
Integration of Aviation and Ground Information Systems, 106
Local Passenger Information Systems in the United States, 108
Integration of Aviation and Ground Passenger Information
Systems in Sweden, 110
Non-Aviation Intermodal Passenger Information Systems in Europe, 112
Multijurisdictional Passenger Information Systems, 115
New Airline Reservation System Technology—Implications for
Ground Access, 117
Joint Ticket Sales—Air and Rail, 117
Conclusions, 121
122 CHAPTER 8 Putting It All Together: Six Steps in a Market-Based
Strategy for Improving Airport Ground Access
Context of Chapter 8, 122
Step 1: Establish Public Policy Goals, 122
Step 2: Undertake the Program of Data Gathering and System Monitoring, 124
Step 3: Interpret the Markets and Their Relationship to Candidate Modes, 127
Step 4: Design a Program of Services and Strategies, 130
Step 5: Manage the Airport to Encourage HOV Use, 133
Step 6: Get the Word Out, 135
Conclusions, 137
Further Research Recommendations for Each Step, 137
138 REFERENCES
139 GLOSSARY