Strategies for Europe. Proposals for Science and Technology Policies

175 Pages·1978·14.949 MB·English

S T R A T E G I ES F OR
EUROPE
Proposals for Science and
Technology Policies
A Symposium organized by
THE SCIENCE POLICY FOUNDATION
in collaboration with
THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Edited by
MAURICE GOLDSMITH
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD · NEW YORK · TORONTO · SYDNEY · PARIS · FRANKFURT
U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall,
Oxford 0X3 OBW, Erigland
U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park,
Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A.
CANADA Pergamon of Canada Ltd., 75 The East Mall,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 19a Boundary Street,
Rushcutters Bay, N.S.W. 2011, Australia
FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles,
75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France
FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH, 6242 Kronberg-Taunus,
OF GERMANY Pferdstrasse 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Copyright © 1978 Science Policy Foundation
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electro­
static, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
permission in writing from the copyright holders.
First edition 1978
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Strategies for Europe.
1. Research - European Economic Community countries
I. Goldsmith, Maurice II. Science Policy Foundation
III. European Economic Community
507'.2Ό4 Q180.E9 78-40189
ISBN 0-08-022992-1
In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the
authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method
unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way
distract the reader.
Printed Offset Litho in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Fa/cenham, Norfolk
SCIENCE POLICY FOUNDATION
By science policy we mean a deliberate and coherent attempt to provide a
basis for national or international decisions influencing the size, institu­
tional structure, resources and creativity of scientific and technological
research in relation specially to their application and public consequences.
Aims
The purpose of the Science Policy Foundation is to promote in this context the
scientific investigation of science and technology as social phenomena.
The Foundation, through the very wide scientific/technological knowledge and
experiences of its members and contacts, has established itself as a unique
centre for multidisciplinary scrutiny of social and economic problems arising
from the impact of science and technology on people and institutions.
Activities & Publications
The activities of the Foundation include symposia and seminars on topics
connected with the national and international management of science, manage­
ment and productivity, research and national wealth, etc, attended by members
of government and its agencies, industry and universities. The Foundation
arranges an annual lecture; issues Science and Public Policy, a regular,
authoritative publication, with a world-wide circulation; organizes a lecture
service; and publishes reports and books.
Benjamin Franklin House
36 Craven Street,
London WC2N 5NG England
Director Maurice Goldsmith
HONORARY FELLOWS
Lord ASHBY, FRS Sir Nevill MOTT, FRS
Sir Peter MEDAWAR, CH, CBE, FRS Dr J NEEDHAM, FRS, FBA
Lewis MUMFORD Omond SOLAITOT
Gunnar MYRDAL
ADVISORY COUNCIL
Sir Hermann BONDI, KCB, FRS, FRAS A KING, CBE
(President) A Τ KNOPPERS
J Β ADAMS, CMG, FRS Ν KURTI, CBA, FRS
Lord AVEBURY Keichi OSHIMA
Earl of BESSBOROUGH Gerard PIEL
Lord BRIGGS Ρ PIGANIOL
Marcus BRUMT'TELL D J de SOLLA PRICE
C F CARTER, FBA A RAHMAN
Umberto COLOMBO Sir Paul REILLY
Sir Alan COTTRELL, FRS G A RINK, QC
Sir Frederick DAINTON, FRS G SCHUSTER
Sir Montague FINNISTON, FRS Michael SHANKS
Sir Brian FLOWERS, FRS Lord SNOW, CBE
Sir Anthony GRIFFIN, GCB Sir Hugh SPRINGER, KCMG, CBE
Sir James JONES, KCB Sir Frederick WARNER
Sydney JONES, CME Alvin V>iEINBERG
Sir Maurine KENDALL, FBA
COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT
Lord ASHBY, FRS (Chairman) J GRATWICK
L Β ARCHER, CBE A L MACKAY
Basil BARD, CBE Sir leuan MADDOCK, CB, OBE, FRS
G V R BORN, FRS Sir Harry MELVILLE
Paul CAUTLEY Terry PRICE
A V S DE REUCK Ellis STANNING (Honorary Treasurer)
J C DUCKWORTH G TEELING-SMITH
G FRYERS
PREFACE
Science policy for Europe
There is a seemingly persuasive logic about the concept of science policy
for Europe. But, as with thermonuclear fusion, the fulfilment, although much
desired, lies years away. The logic may be persuasive, but the real worlds
of political sovereignties, industrial traditionalisms, economic uncertain­
ties, agricultural subsidies, and social antagonisms that pervade Europe -
and cannot be enchanted to disappear overnight by those who walk the corri­
dors of earnestness in Brussels, or Luxembourg, or Strasbourg - impose
constraint.
Europe, the birth place of the developed world, is now involved in highly
significant economic, social, and political changes in which wisdom and under­
standing are essential to ensure peaceful transformation in this period of
the passing of traditional liberalism. The meeting of the seven Heads of
States in London in May demonstrated the changed, and changing, power rela­
tions among the developed "open market" countries, with the USA, the Federal
Republic of Germany, and Japan exercising a special hegemony. It demonstrated
also the destroying socio-political potential of an inability by governments
to guarantee price stability, continuing economic growth, and full employment.
Two other factors require to be taken into account in the consideration of a
science policy for Europe. The one is the development of the countries of
the socialist group in Europe, linked each with the other through Comecon,
but developing individually with different economic emphases; the other, the
final decay of the former colonial system, giving rise to a new and growing
economic force in trading relationships.
Clearly, a science policy for Europe must be regional; also, it must take
into account global relationships, given the history of the Continent.
Such a policy could act as a force for common development, helping to resolve
divisive conflicts.
The Symposium, 'Strategies for Europe,' made a distinct contribution to the
development of a science policy for Europe, and led to the suggestion of an
investigation into the possibility of setting up a Federation of European
Science Policy Organizations (FESPO).
We must express particular thanks to Dr Schuster for his wise encouragement,
and for the services of the members of his staff / especially Dr Gorgio Boggio,
and his assistants: Patricia Borremans and Sheila Branigan. For the photo­
graphs and sound recordings of the proceedings we are indebted to Jacques Le
Maitre.
My thanks are due also to my assistant, Jeffrey Gertler, who at veiry short
notice stepped in to help in the editing of the proceedings.
Maurice Goldsmith, Brussels/London 1977
PARTICIPANTS
ANDERSEN, Professor E.B. Professor of Statistics, University of
Copenhagen, Institute of Statistics,
Copenhagen
APPLEYARD, R. Director-General, Scientific and
Technical Information and Information
Management, DG XIII, EC, Brussels
ARNOW, Mrs K. National Institute of Health,
Washington, D.C.
*ASHBY, FRS, Lord Chairman, Science Policy Foundation,
London
BAARS, Dr J. Dep. Head Education and Research, Delft
University of Technology, NL
*BESSBOROUGH, Lord Vice-President, European Parliament
BOCK, Dr E. Directorate-General X, Information,
EC, Brussels
BOGGIO, Dr G. Directorate-General XII, Research,
Science and Education, EC, Brussels
BOURDEAU, Ph. Directorate-General XII, Research,
Science and Education, EC, Brussels
BRAUN, Professor E. Director, Technology Policy Unit,
University of Aston, UK
BROOKMAN, Dr F.H. Research Worker, Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam
*COHEN, Dr L. Executive Secretary, Institute of
Physics, London
•COLOMBO, Dr U. Director, Research and Development
Division, Montedison, Milan
CONTZEN, Ir. J.-P. Programmes Director, Joint Research
Centre, EC, Brussels
COOK, Professor S.L. Professor of Operational Research,
Acting Head, Management Centre,
University of Aston, UK
DEBELLE, J. Conseiller, Rectorat de I'UCL, Louvain,
Belgium
Xll Participants
DE HAAN, Dr J.D. Deputy Director for Science Policy
Division, Ministry of Education and
Science, The Hague
DE PAOLI MARCHETTI, Dr Paola Scientific Journalist, Milan
DE RAAF, Ir. G.J. Head, Education and Research,
University of Technology, Delft, NL
DI LULLO, Dr M. Scientific Officer, Division for
Scientific Affairs, NATO, Brussels
DINKESPILER, J.-A. Establishment Director, JRC, Ispra,
Italy
DUGAS, Dr C. Scientific Director, Thomson-CSF,
Paris
EIDE, Κ. Director-General, Department of
Research and Planning, Ministry of
Education, Oslo
EILON, Professor S. Head, Dept of Management Science,
Imperial College, London
FJELLBIRKELAND, E. Secretary-General, Central Committee
for Research, Oslo
*FLOWERS, FRS, Sir Brian President, European Science Foundation,
Strasbourg, France
FOKKINK, Dr P,F. Twente University of Technology,
Centre for Science and Society Studies,
Enschede, NL
•FRYERS, Dr G. Director, Strategic Planning, Reckitt
and Coleman, UK
•GOLDSMITH, Maurice Director. Science Policy Foundation,
London
GRANGER, Dr J. Acting Assistant Director for scientific
technological and international affairs.
National Science Foundation,
Washington, D.C.
*GUMMETT, Dr P.J. Department of Liberal Studies in Science,
The University, Manchester, UK
HARLOW, C. Economist, Peat Marwick Mitchell,
London
HARTLAND, J. Deputy Secretary, Parliamentary
Assembly of the Council of Europe,
Committee on Science and Technology,
Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
Participants xiii
HEMILY, Dr Ph.W. Deputy Assistant, Secretary General for
Scientific and Environmental Affairs,
NATO, Brussels
HUTTER, W. Secretary, Science Policy Council, The
Hague
KUENTZ, Dr P. Commission for the encouragement of
scientific research, Berne, Switzerland
LECUYER, B.P. Charge de Recherche au CNRS,
Paris
*LE PAIR, Dr C. Stichting F.O.M., Utrecht, NL
LUNDQUIST, N.H. Director-General, National Defence
Research Institute, Stockholm
LUSCHER, Dr E.F. President, Swiss National Science
Foundation, Berne, Switzerland
MACIOTI, Dr M. Directorate-General XII, Research,
Science and Education, EC, Brussels
MCQUEEN, Professor H. Visiting Professor, Department of
Liberal Studies in Science, The Univer­
sity, Manchester, UK
MASSUE, J.-P. Scientific Counsellor, Council of
Europe, Strasbourg, France
OZDAS, Professor M.N. Assistant Secretary General for Scienti­
fic and Environmental Affairs, NATO,
Brussels
PAHAUT, S. Research Assistant, Chimie Physique II,
Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
•PARKER, Dr E. Secretary, Royal Institute of Chemistry,
London
PASSMAN, Dr S. Director, Division of Scientific Research
and Higher Education, UNESCO, Paris
PEISSIK, Dr M. DGRST, Paris
PETRELLA, Dr R. Research Officer, International Social
Science Council, Brussels
*PIGANIOL, Dr P. Member, Advisory Council, Science Policy
Foundation, Paris
•PRICE, B.T. Secretary, Uranium Institute, London
RAMPHAL, S.S. Commonwealth Secretary-General,
London
XLV Participants
RITTERBUSH, Dr P. Director, Social Innovation, Washington
D.C.
ROSE, Dr B. Head, Nuclear Physics Division, Harwell,
UKAEA Research Group, UK
SALOMON, Dr J.-J. Head, Science Policy Division, OECD,
Paris
SCHEUCH, Professor Dr E.K. Institut fur Angewandte Sozialforschung
University of Cologne, FRG
SCHULZ, Dr R. Secretary-General, EIRMA, Paris
•SCHUSTER, Dr G. Director-General for Research, Science
and Education, DG XII, EC, Brussels
SCHWARZ, Dr S. Head Librarian, Royal Institute of
Technology Library, Stockholm
•SHANKS, M. Member, Advisory Council, Science Policy
Foundation, London
SHERWELL, C. News Editor, NATURE, London
SKOIE, H. Deputy-Director, Institute for Studies
in Research and Higher Education,
Oslo
SPARROW, A.W. Patents and Inventions Engineer, Perkins
Engines Company, Peterborough, UK
STENGERS, I. Research Assistant, Chimie Physique II,
Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
VAN DAM, Dr J.E. Science Policy Division, Ministry of
Education and Science, The Hague
VANGSNES, S. Director, Institute for Studies in
Research and Higher Education,
Oslo
VERLAREN VAN THERMAAT, Dr W.A. Amsterdam
VILLECOURT, L. Directorate-General XII, Research,
Science and Education, EC, Brussels
VON MOLTKE, H. Directorate-General III, Industrial and
Technological Affairs, EC, Brussels
Special Assistants
BORREMANS, Patricia
BRANIGAN, Sheila
LE MAITRE, Jacques
•Member, Science Policy Foundation
PROFILES OF MAIN SPEAKERS
UMBERTO COLOMBO
Director-General, Research and Development Division, Montedison, Milano,
Italy. President of the European Industrial Research Management Association
(EIRMA).
Born in Livorno, 1927. Doctorate degree in physical chemistry. University
of Pavia, 1950. Post-doctoral research fellowship, M.I.T., 1953.
Department Head, G. Donegani Research Institute, 1954 to 1967. Director,
same Institute, 1967 to 1970. Director of Central Research, Montedison,
1970. Director of Corporate Strategic Planning, Montedison, 1971 to 1975.
Chairman of the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, OECD,
1972 to 1975. Member of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Editor and co-author of several books of a scientific nature, he has written
over 90 scientific papers, and articles on research management and techno­
logical policy.
SIR BRIAN FLOWERS, FRS
Educated at Swansea, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and at the
University of Birmingham.
From 1944-1946 he was engaged on the atomic energy project at Chalk River,
Canada, and did research on nuclear physics at the Harwell AERE, 1946-50.
After a short spell in the Department of Mathematical Physics at Birmingham
University, he returned to Harwell in 1952 as Head of the Theoretical Physics
Division and was appointed Chief Research Scientist in 1958. In the same year
he became Professor of Theoretical Physics at Manchester University, and from
1961 until September 1972 was Langworthy Professor.
From 1966 to 1970 he was Chairman of the Computer Board for Universities and
Research Councils. In 1967 he was appointed Chairman of the Science Research
Council. He was President of the Institute of Physics from 1972 to 1974. He
became Rector of Imperial College of Science and Technology on 1 October 1973,
and in the same year became Chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental
Pollution; his term of office ended on 31 August 1976.
In November 1974, he was elected President of the European Science Founda­
tion at a meeting of the ESF's Founding Committee in Strasbourg.