Strategies and Challenges in Plant Germplasm Conservation

2011·1 MB·

by  Li De-Zhu-Yang-Xiang-Yun-Hugh W. Pritchard

植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报 ,33 ( ):
摇 2011 1 11~18
Plant Diversity and Resources :
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 DOI 10.3724/SP.J.1143.2011.11023
种质资源保存的战略问题和面临的挑战
*
李德铢1**, 杨湘云1, 2
Hugh W. Pritchard
中国西南野生生物种质资源库 中国科学院昆明植物研究所生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室 云南昆明
(1 , , 摇 650204;
SeedConservationDepartment RoyalBotanicGardens Kew
2 , , ,WakehurstPlace,Ardingly,WestSussexRH176TN,UK)
摘要: 植物种质资源保存 特别是种子库保存是各种迁地保护措施中最为经济有效的方法 通过对成千上
, 。
万个物种的有效保存 种子库为减缓物种的灭绝和气候变化对生物多样性的影响发挥了特别关键的作用
, 。
本文较为详细地介绍了 中国西南野生生物种质资源库 的立项背景和最新进展 同时介绍了世界上其
“ 冶 ,
它几个主要的植物迁地保存设施 特别是英国皇家植物园的 千年种子库 结合 全球植物保护策略
, “ 冶。 “ 冶
讨论了中国植物濒危状况 估计我国受威胁的物种比例达 甚至更高 本文还简要讨论了种子保
, 20鄄25%, 。
存中的一些科学问题 包括超低温保存 并强调了植物分类学和种子生物学的学科建设在植物种质资源保
, ,
护中的重要意义
。
关键词: 迁地保护 植物种质资源 种子库保存 超低温保存 中国西南野生生物种质资源库
; ; ; ;
中图分类号: 文献标识码: 文章编号:
Q949.9摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 A摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 2095-0845(2011)01-011-08
Strategies and Challenges in Plant Germplasm Conservation
1 1 2
De鄄Zhu LI , Xiang鄄Yun YANG , Hugh W.PRITCHARD
GermplasmBankofWildSpecies KeyLaboratoryofBiodiversityandBiogeography KunmingInstituteofBotany
(1 ; , ,
ChineseAcademyofSciences SeedConservationDepartment
,Kunming650204,China;2 ,
RoyalBotanicGardens
,Kew,WakehurstPlace,Ardingly,UK)
Abstract
: This paper discusses scientific issues, action plans and strategies for plant germplasm conservation in
general and seed banking in particular. Germplasm conservation is an insurance policy against extinction, and cur鄄
rently preserves tens ofthousandsofwildplantspecies. Inthisreport,weintroducethebackgroundandcurrentsta鄄
exsitu
tus oftheGermplasmBankofWildSpecies,andcompareitsstrategywiththatofothermajor conservationfa鄄
e. g.
cilitiesintheworld, ,theMillenniumSeedBank. InthecontextoftheGlobalStrategyforPlantConservation,
we also discuss the estimatednumberofthreatenedspeciesinChina,whichcouldbegreaterthan25% oftheflora.
Some scientific conservation鄄related techniques, such as cryopreservation, are described in brief. Seed banking is
exsitu
the mostcost鄄effectiveapproachinall conservationapproaches. Cryopreservationwillbecomeincreasinglyim鄄
ex situ
portant in accomplishing the conservation goal and in enabling the long鄄term preservation of seeds,including
recalcitrant ones. Thispaperalsohighlightsthenecessityofincreasedeffortstotrainyoungscientistsintaxonomyand
seed biology to improveefficiency,validityofseedidentification,andlong鄄termmanagementprospectsofseedbanks.
Key words Exsitu
: conservation;Plantgermplasm;Seedbanking;Cryopreservation;TheGermplasmBankofWild
Species
* Foundationitems: The National Basic Research Programme of China (973 Programme, 2007CB411600), the Ministry of Science and
TechnologyofChina(2005DKA21006) andtheMillenniumSeedBank ProjectoftheRoyalBotanic Gardens, Kew, UK, which re鄄
ceivesgrant鄄in鄄aidfromtheDEFRA,UK
** Authorforcorrespondence:De鄄ZhuLi(1963鄄),professorandthedirectoroftheKunmingInstituteofBotany,CAS. ProfLi忆sresearchin鄄
terestsfocusonsystematics,biogeographyandmolecular evolution of flowering plants in China and he is the leading scientist of the
GermplasmBankofWildSpeciesProject. 摇 E鄄mail:[email protected]
Receiveddate:2011-01-30,Accepteddate:2011-02-09
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The status of China忆s plant diversity and
maintenance of clonal crops in field gene banks and
ex situ plant conservation in vitro
banks, raising certain trees in conservation
Plants provide food, fuel, bio鄄chemicals, fiber stands, and producing seed鄄bearing species in botan鄄
and ornamentals for humans; however, increasingly ic gardens and/or in conventional or cryogenic seed
ex situ
swift loss of plant diversity has resulted in a decrease banks. The call to explore strategies for key
of ecosystem services ( European Communities, groups of species is long鄄standing (Roche, 1975),
2008). China is home to 31 500 native species of but in practice one approach, seed banking, is used
ex situ
vascular plants, of which 16169 (51.3%) are en鄄 for the maintenance of most collections (FAO,
demic (Raven, 2011), and harbors four of the 34 1997; Linington and Pritchard,2001).
et al
global biodiversity hotspots (Myers ., 2000; The largest seed banks have been devoted to
et al
Mittermeier .,2005). Approximately two鄄thirds crops and other economically important species. The
of the vascular plant species are found in the biodi鄄 National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation,
versity hotspot located in the mountains of southwest Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, holds a collection of
China. This region has the most endemic鄄rich tem鄄 half a million seed accessions. The National Centre
perate flora of the world, is the distribution centre of for Crop Germplasm Preservation at the Chinese A鄄
Rhododendron Pedicularis
many genera (including , cademy of Agricultural Science in Beijing is a na鄄
Primula
and (Wu, 1988), and comprises an ever鄄 tionwide network of seed banks that preserves around
green broadleaved forest ecosystem dominated by 400000 accessions of crop seeds. Partly because of
subtropical species of Fagaceae, Lauraceae, the increasing alarm about climate change and its
Theaceae and Magnoliaceae. China忆s rapid econom鄄 impact on world food production, the Svalbard Glob鄄
ic expansion, however, has had an immense impact al Seed Vault was built in Norway in February 2008
on its environment and biodiversity. Given China忆s as a coordinated effort to consolidate and systematize
unique situation of not only containing one eighth of conservation of the world's crops, particularly those
the world忆s flora within its borders (Li,2008), but listed on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic
also having one fifth of the world忆s population and Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) en鄄
the fastest growing economy, conservation actions in acted in 2004 (FAO, 2009).
China will be of great significance in a long鄄term In response to the lack of a global effort to con鄄
global context (Li & Pritchard, 2009). serve wild species as seeds, the Millennium Seed
in situ e.g.
Although conservation plans ( , pro鄄 Bank (MSB) Project was initiated in 1997. Coordi鄄
tected areas, natural reserves and conservation corri鄄 nated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United
dors) are considered to be an important method of Kingdom, the MSB Project忆s target was to conserve
conservation, natural and man鄄made disasters and collaboratively both the UK flora and 10% of the
e. g.
development ( hydropower, mineral extraction, world's flowering plants (or 24 200 species) by
tourism, land conversion for crops including rubber 2010. This goal was achieved at the end of 2009
trees, illicit tree clearing and burning) are jeopardi鄄 with some50369 accessions conserved, thereby set鄄
zing the species in natural reserves and in unprotect鄄 ting a benchmark for future conservation efforts.
Ex situ e. g.
ed areas. conservation ( botanic gar鄄 One of the main purposes of conservation is
dens, germplasm banks and tissue culture collec鄄 long鄄term use of the materials. A major category of
tions) serves as a fail鄄safe mechanism for certain renewable natural resources, biological resources are
segments of diversity that might otherwise be lost in essential for the sustainable development of human
Ex situ
nature and in human鄄dominated ecosystems. society. Wild plants and animals can provide genetic
conservation is generally accomplished through the diversity used in the breeding of new cultivars, and
期 李德铢等 种质资源保存的战略问题和面临的挑战
1 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 : 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇13
are widely used as ingredients of natural medicines, or scientific value. This involved the establishment
such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Due of facilities for five subordinate sections—the seed
in vitro
to China忆s high biodiversity, dependence on agricul鄄 bank, the DNA bank, the plant bank, the
ture, and heritage of TCM, there is an urgent neces鄄 microbial culture bank (based at Yunnan Universi鄄
sity to build up China忆s own germplasm bank and to ty), and an animal cell line bank (based at CAS
conserve wild plant and animal species for the sus鄄 Kunming Institute of Zoology) —which together
tainability of the nation. constituted an international research centre on plant
genomics and seed biology.
The making of the Germplasm Bank of
It was expected that the bank would be devel鄄
Wild Species
oped into a world鄄leading facility for the study and
In August1999, Prof. WU Zheng鄄Yi, a distin鄄 preservation of germplasm resources of rare and en鄄
guished botanist and a senior academician of the dangered endemic and economically important
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and winner plants, animal species and microorganisms for the
of the2007 National Supreme Science and Technolo鄄 following purposes: to safeguard the bio鄄resources of
gy Award of China, wrote to the then Chinese Premi鄄 strategic significance in China; to provide germplasm
er ZHU Rong鄄Ji to urge the national government to material and relevant information needed in the bio鄄
set up a germplasm bank of wild species in southwest technology industry and life science research; to
China忆s Yunnan Province. Premier Zhu responded promote the industrialization of biotechnology and the
immediately and positively to the proposal. With the sustainable development of the economy; and to con鄄
support from both the CAS authority and the Yunnan tribute to China忆s fulfillment of the Conventions on
provincial government, a team of some 20 scientists Biological Diversity.
created a project proposal and carried out a feasibili鄄 The construction of the GBOWS building started
ty study over five years. In March 2004, the feasi鄄 in March 2005, and was completed in February
bility report on the establishment of the Germplasm 2007. The bank was put into trial operation at the
Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China (GBOWS) end of 2007 and officially opened in October 2008.
was approved by the National Development and Re鄄 In November 2009, the whole project, including its
form Commission. Its mission was to be to preserve conservation targets for the first phase, passed the na鄄
and research wild species,to create a restoration pro鄄 tional review and audit. In 2007, the creation of the
gramme, to provide public education, and to foster GBOWS waselectedasone of the toptendevelopments
international collaboration and exchange. This would in science and technology in China by academicians of
be a large national scientific facility project, with a CAS and Chinese Academy of Engineering.
＄
total investment of148 million RMB (about US 22
The strategy and progress of the Germ鄄
million), and would be based at the CAS Kunming
plasm Bank
Institute of Botany (KIB).
The specific conservation aim of the project was Because the economic and biological value of
to collect and safeguard as many as 66 500 acces鄄 seeds can be extremely high,the global seed trade for
＄
sions of 6 450 species (including seeds from 4 000 crops hasreached to US 36.5 billion per annumin
species) by the end of the first phase in 2010, and 2009 ( http:/ /www. apsaseed. org/docs/00b9aab6/
190 000 accessions of 19 000 species (including ASC2009/NSA/NSAI.pdf). Seeds are relatively easy
seeds from10000 species) by the end of the second to collect, can represent a range of genetic diversity
phase in 2020, with special focus on endangered in the species if harvested from a wild population of
and endemic species and those of potential economic individuals and can be stored in a relatively small
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space. For these reasons and since most species of of flowering plants, including1339 species endemic
seed bearing plants produce desiccation tolerant seeds to China,73 endangered and 1235 of potential eco鄄
in relative abundance, the seed bank represents the nomic values. Figure 1 shows the locations across
most important composition of germplasm banks. China from which the seeds collected by the end of
As part of Premier WEN Jia鄄Bao忆s official visit 2009 were gathered. As of December 2010, totals
to the UK in May 2004, an agreement between CAS for the seed bank at GBOWS include 44 549 seed
and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew relating to col鄄 accessions of 5 732 species, accounting for 20% of
laboration in the conservation and research of wild native species of seed plants in China.
plant species was signed in London by Prof. CHEN The seed collection also includes 590 acces鄄
Zhu, then vice president of CAS and Prof. Peter sions of 252 species of wild plant seeds from MSB
Crane, then the director of Kew. The objective of and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in ac鄄
this agreement was to enhance the scientific research cordance with exchange programmes. An initial via鄄
ex鄄situ
capabilities of both parties in the conservation bility test for 495 of the accessions resulted in 52%
of indigenous and endangered plant species, with an success (germination percentage 逸75%), which is
emphasis on research and conservation of wild plant slightly higher than that of MSB忆s51%, showing the
species from China and from the United Kingdom. high quality of the collections.
To this end, a team of young scientists was recruited The advanced facility and management of
and sent to the MSB at the Royal Botanic Gardens, GBOWS has brought immediate world recognition
Kew to be trained on the protocol of seed collection (Cyranoski, 2003). In December 2007, an agree鄄
and taxonomy. In 2005, the team began to collect, ment between KIB and ICRAF relating to collabora鄄
evaluate and preserve the germplasm of wild spe鄄 tion in seed depositing and conservation was signed.
cies. ICRAF holds global collections of tree seeds of dis鄄
With the support of government funding, tinct plant genetic resources of importance to human鄄
GBOWS has now established a nationwide network ity, and wishes to ensure the long鄄term safety of its
for the collection and preservation of germplasm ma鄄 collection by depositing samples of that collection in
terials from across China, pooling the efforts from58 GBOWS. Following this agreement, 386 accessions
universities and research institutes with the partici鄄 of seeds from19 countries have been safely stored in
pation of more than600 professionals. The bank has GBOWS忆 seed bank.
also actively been coordinating some 13 natural re鄄 Since the construction of the bank began, KIB
serves in Yunnan, from which over 100 staff mem鄄 researchers have been carrying out major scientific
bers have been trained for standardized collection of programmes, including, studies on species with des鄄
germplasm materials of wild species. iccation sensitive seeds, piloting the standardization
By the end of 2009, 74 641 accessions/strains of the collection and conservation of germplasm ma鄄
of various types of wild germplasm resources were terials of important wild species, sharing of best鄄
collected and have now been conserved in GBOWS, practices and data, the investigation and preserva鄄
in vitro
including seeds, plant materials, animal cell tion of wild plants on the Tibetan Plateau, and re鄄
lines, microorganism strains and DNA samples, of search on the DNA barcoding of plants based on the
which 8444 species have been identified. GBOWS忆 collections of the germplasm bank. The unique
seed bank holds 31 199 accessions of seeds, of placement of the GBOWS in close proximity to a ma鄄
which 4781 species have been identified, belonging jor biodiversity hotspot, and its close collaboration
to 1337 genera and166 families. This collection ac鄄 with the MSB and ICRAF, contribute to its vital im鄄
counts for16.7% of the country忆s entire native flora portance in conservation efforts.
期 李德铢等 种质资源保存的战略问题和面临的挑战
1 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 : 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇15
Fig.1摇 ConceptualMapofChinashowingoriginsofthoseseedspreservedatGBOWS
The challenges of plant germplasm conser鄄
摇 摇 One challenge is that the China Plant Special鄄
vation
ists Group of IUCN忆s Species Survival Commission
The successful attainment of the GBOWS goal (SSC) has listed 4 408 species as endangered,
to store 44 549 accessions of seeds by the end of which stands for about15.4% of China忆s total high鄄
2010 (just a 5鄄year period, starting at the end of er plants. According to our assessment based on ex鄄
2005), was due to an annual collecting rate double tensive and intensive herbarium and field work over
that of MSB Project忆s 50 369 accessions of seeds in the years, this figure could be as high as 20% -
13 years (by October 2009). However, the ambi鄄 25%, or even higher. To ascertain the proper fig鄄
tious targets for the next ten years (listed in the ta鄄 ure, more systematic investigation and detailed eval鄄
ble 1), have raised certain challenges. uation are required. Among the31199 accessions of
seeds conserved by 2009, 4781 species, or only a鄄
Table1摇 ConservationtargetofGBOWSforthe
bout 60% of the collection, have been identified,
nexttenyears(by2020)
with some likely misidentified.
Numberof Numberof
Type/formofgermplasm
species accessions/strains The targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Con鄄
Seeds 10000 100000 servation (GSPC) (2002-2010) include the pre鄄
Tissueculture 2000 20000 liminary assessment of the conservation status of all
Animalcelllines 100 1000
known plant species at national, regional and inter鄄
Microbialculture 2000 20000
national levels (Target 2), and the conservation of
DNA(genomic,andcDNAs) 3000 — ex situ
60% of threatened plant species in accessible
Livingcollectionofplant 1000 10000
collections, preferably in the country of origin, with
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10% of them included in recovery and restoration cies鄄induced oxidation of the major cellular antioxi鄄
et al
programmes (Target8). The Convention on Biologi鄄 dant and redox buffer, glutathione (Kranner .,
cal Diversity Conference of the Parties tenth meeting 2006). Such understanding of the similar means of
in Nagoya, Japan on 18-29 October 2010 passed viability loss under disparate stresses increases the
proposals for a consolidated update of the GSPC likelihood of developing protective intervention meas鄄
2011-2020. This new framework set more ambitious ures to enable the preservation of biodiverse seeds.
targets, making Target 2 a full assessment of the Across nearly 200 species, it was found that species
conservation status of all known plant species, to from drier (total rainfall) and warmer temperature
guide conservation action. The scope of Target8 was (mean annual) locations tended to have greater seed
increased to place at least 75% of threatened plant P50 (time taken in storage for viability to fall to
ex鄄situ
species in collections, preferably in the coun鄄 50%) under accelerated ageing conditions than spe鄄
et al
try of origin, and at least20% available for recovery cies from cool, wet conditions (Probert .,
and restoration programmes (http:/ /www. cbd. int/ 2009). Moreover, species P50 values were correla鄄
gspc/targets.shtml). There are a number of factors ted with the proportion of collections (not necessari鄄
ex situ
that might reduce successful preservation in ly the same species) in a family that lost a signifi鄄
collections below an optimal level. These include a cant amount of viability after 20 years under condi鄄
failure to identify species precisely and promptly, a tions for long鄄term seed storage, that is, seeds pre鄄
failure to develop knowledge and apply technologies equilibrated with15% relative humidity air and then
et al
appropriately to ensure the preservation of species; stored at -20益 (Probert .,2009), as accepted
and an aversion to investment in innovative approa鄄 by the international community (FAO and IPGRI,
ches. These shortcomings can be remedied by ad鄄 1994). Such relative underperformance at -20益
et al
dressing Target15: the appropriate training of scien鄄 was apparent in 26% of collections (Probert .,
tists and the provision of sufficient facilities to carry 2009). Similarly, it has been estimated that the P50
out the GPSC framework. for the seeds of 276 species held for an average of 38
There is a need for cryopreservation.
Ortho鄄 years under cool (5益) and cold (25 years at -18益)
dox, bankable seeds, such as the main crops used temperature was >100 years only for 61 (22%) of the
et al
in mass food and feed production, show, within lim鄄 species (Walters ., 2005). Although 25 species
its, systematic improvements in longevity on dehy鄄 (from19 genera) of Cruciferae had high germination
dration and cooling (Ellis and Roberts, 1980; Ro鄄 (often >90%) after nearly40 years storage at -5 to
et al et al
berts and Ellis, 1989; Dickie ., 1990). By -10益 (Perez鄄Garcia .,2007), it is reasonable
Quercus
contrast, recalcitrant seeds, such as oaks ( ) to conclude that, as an extra insurance policy for
Theobroma
and cacao ( ), are sensitive to drying conservation, cryopreservation should be considered
(Black and Pritchard, 2002; Berjak and Pamment鄄 appropriate for all orthodox seeds. Cryopreservation
er, 2007). The mechanisms by which recalcitrant likely represents the only large鄄scale, long鄄term op鄄
ex situ
seeds lose viability are various and complex, inclu鄄 tion for the conservation of species that are
ding membrane damage and metabolic dysfunction clonal or have recalcitrant seeds.
The urgent need for taxonomic and seed bi鄄
(Berjak and Pammenter, 2007). Interestingly,
ology expertise.
death in the dry state for orthodox seeds and desicca鄄 As mentioned above, only 60% of
tion鄄induced death in recalcitrant seeds (and viabili鄄 seed accessions of seeds at GBOWS have been iden鄄
ty loss in other plant cells in response to stress) fol鄄 tified; and only a fraction of these identifications
low the path of programmed cell death after an initia鄄 have been verified. The rapid development of the
tion step that is modulated by reactive oxygen spe鄄 project and protocols has thus far meant that misi鄄
期 李德铢等 种质资源保存的战略问题和面临的挑战
1 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 : 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇17
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筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌 筌
新 书 介 绍
摇 摇 摇
深圳植物志 李沛琼主编 第 卷 页 彩色图板 年 北京 中国林业出版
《 》, , 2 , 632 , 120 , 2010 ; :
社 定价 元 精装本
。 ISBN: 978-7-5038-5884-0, : 299.00 ( )。
深圳植物志 系列丛书共 卷本 其中 深圳苔藓植物志 为 卷 维管束植物共 卷 共收
《 》 5 , 《 》 1 ; 4 ,
录植物 多种 其中蕨类植物采用秦仁昌系统 裸子植物采用 系统 被
2800 。 (1978), Kubitzki (1990),
子植物采用 系统 第 卷是本系列的第 本 包括杜英科至火筒树科 共 科
Cronquist (1988); 2 1 , , 65 298
属 种和 变种
690 25 。
深圳人不仅能取得经济奇迹 同样也可以创造科学奇迹 今天我们看到的 深圳植物志 确实
, 。 《 》
与众不同 非常值得介绍 因为 她有严格的编写规则 并且公开写在前言中 不仅写上 更重
, ; : 1, , ; ,
要的是严格按照规则执行 术语规范化 描述准确化 以本地标本为依据 不仅真实正确而且非
! 2, , , ,
常适用 每种植物都有科学性和艺术性相结合的形态图 大部分都有比例尺 而且近 的物种
; 3, , ; 3/4
有原色相片 形象而又逼真 编写工作认真 不仅作者如此 编者和审稿人都极为负责 所以编
, ; 4, , , ,
写出来的成果经得起时间与实践的检验 王文采院士不仅仅是名誉主编 而且对所有的文稿逐字
; 5, ,
逐句审阅并修改 使得本书的学术水平大为提高 另外 设计美观 封 和封 是地形地貌图 而封
, 。 , , 1 2 ,
和封 则是区划图 吸取了我国地方植物志的编写精华
3 4 , 。
深圳作为中国改革开放的特区至今只有 多年 这 多年不仅建成世界上最新的大都市 而且
30 。 30 ,
社会 经济 人文 历史 自然 景观也发生了天翻地覆的巨大变化 深圳在都市化快速进程中 经
、 、 、 、 、 。 ,
过艰苦的努力采集了七万多份标本 并将这些信息及时地记录下来 非常值得称赞 她作为中国改革
, , 。
开放的特区确实与众不同 不仅仅是资源调查和多样性保护工作 还有外来物种的监测 生态环境的
, , 、
保护乃至资源的合理开发利用等 因为她的历史太短 而且发展速度太快 以至世界历史上都不曾有
, 、 、
过 人类在认识自然 了解自然 掌握自然并充分利用自然的历史进程中 还有很多未知的境界有待
。 、 、 ,
探讨 也许我们今天还不是十分清楚 但我们留下的宝贵历史遗产则无愧于子孙后代
; , 。
马金双
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇
年元月于上海
2011 (E鄄mail: [email protected])