Steve Biko and Apartheid

104 Pages·1989·41.072 MB·English

by  Roger Omond

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P
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STEVE BIKO
AND
APARTHEID
Roger Omond

Hamish Hamilton - London
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HAMISH HAMILTON CHILDREN’S BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England
Viking Penguin Inc, 40 West 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010,
U.S.A.
Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 2801 John Street, Markham, Ontario,
Canada L3R 1B4
Penguin Books (N.Z.) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New
Zealand %
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex,
England
First published in Great Britain 1989 by
Hamish Hamilton Children’s Books
Copyright © 1989 by Roger Omond
13579108642
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved
above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or
intfroduced into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any
means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the
above publisher of this book.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
CIP data for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-241-12640-1
Steve Biko’s quotes in this book are taken from his evidence at the 1976
SASO/BPC trial, his own writing before and after he was banned,
and interviews he gave.
Extracts from Biko by Donald Woods © 1978, 1987.
Reproduced by Permission of Penguin Books Ltd
and Henry Holt and Co. Inc.
Extracts from | Write What I Like by Steve Biko,
reproduced by permission of the Bowerdean Press.
Printed in Great Britain by
Butler and Tanner Ltd, Frome, Somerset
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Racial terms 5

1 Introduction 7

2 Growing Up 12

3 A History of Oppression 18

4 An Act of Defiance 26

5 “Popular Rage’ 36

6 The Birth of Black Consciousness 45

7 The Black People’s Convention 53

8 Biko Banned 60

9 Soweto 68

10 “A miserable and lonely death’ 76

11 A Potent Force 87

Glossary 93

Further Reading List 94

95
Index

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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Aelred Stubbs and Donald Woods, both of
whose books have made Steve Biko and his work more widely known;
Barney Pityana for reading before publication this account of the rise of
Black Consciousness (although any mistakes are mine not his); Sue
Twiselton for seeing this through to publication and for picture research;
and Kate Thomlinson and Louise Basson who read a first draft. Further, to
my wife, Mary, for all her help.
The author and publisher would like to thank the following for
permission to reproduce photographs:
IDAF cover,:6, 9, 13, 15, 21,29, 31,33, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43,48, 51, 54,
56-57, 62-63, 65, 69, 71, 73, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90; Pixfeatures 38-39;
Popperfoto 22, 24, 79
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The words used to describe South Africa’s different race groups
are often confusing. The government classifies people into four
categories: white, black, Coloured and Indian. However, to many
in South Africa these classifications are unacceptable. Here is a
simple guideline to the use of racial terminology in this book:
African: The indigenous people of Africa.
Afrikaner: Descendants of the first white settlers (mainly of Dutch
origin), who govern the country today.
Bantu: This has been used by the South African government to
refer to Africans. It means ‘people’. In this book, it is only used
when quoting a specific law or government department (e.g.
Bantu Administration Department).
Black: All those who are at the receiving end of apartheid:
Africans, Coloureds and Indians (unless used in a direct quote
where the official term means African).
Coloured: People of mixed race. (This term is used in the official
sense, as unfortunately there is no alternative in common use.)
Indian: People whose ancestors came from the Indian subcon-
tinent. (Official use and accepted by most South Africans.)
Native: Term first used in South Africa to describe Africans. In this
book, it is used when quoting an individual or referring to a
specific institution, law or government department (e.g. Natives’
Land Act).
Non-white: The Black Consciousness movement rejected this
term, which was used by some South Africans to describe those
who are not white. In this book, the term is only used when
referring to this subject.
White: People who come from, or whose ancestors came from, a
European country.
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Steve Biko: hopes for a peaceful end to apartheid died with him.
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