Stem Cells and CNS Development PDF
Preview Stem Cells and CNS Development
Stem Cells and CNS Development Contemporary Neuroscience Stem Cells and CNS Development, Neurotransmitter Transporters: Struc edited by Mahendra S. Rao, 2001 ture, Function, and Regulation, Neurobiology of Spinal Cord Injury, edited by Maarten E. A. Reith, 1997 edited by Robert G. Kalb and Motor Activity and Movement Disorders: Stephen M. Strittmatter, 2000 Research Issues and Applications, Cerebral Signal Transduction: From edited by Paul R. Sanberg, Klaus First to Fourth Messengers, edited Peter Ossenkopp, and Martin by Maarten E. A. Reith, 2000 Kavaliers, 1996 Central Nervous System Diseases: Inno Neurotherapeutics: Emerging Strate vative Animal Models from Lab to gies, edited by Linda M. Pullan Clinic, edited by Dwaine F. and Jitendra Patel, 1996 Emerich, Reginald L. Dean, III, Neuron-Glia Interrelations During and Paul R. Sanberg, 2000 Phylogeny:II.Plasticity Mitochondrial Inhibitors and Neurode and Regeneration, edited by generative Disorders, edited by Paul Antonia Vernadakis and Betty R. Sanberg, Hitoo Nishino, and I. Roots, 1995 Cesario V. Borlongan, 2000 Neuron-Glia Interrelations During Cerebral Ischemia: Molecular and Cel Phylogeny:I.Phylogeny lular Pathophysiology, edited by and Ontogeny of Glial Cells, Wolfgang Walz, 1999 edited by AntoniaVernadakis Cell Transplantation for Neurological and Betty I. Roots, 1995 Disorders, edited by Thomas B. The Biology of Neuropeptide Yand Freeman and Hakan Widner,1998 RelatedPeptides,edited Gene Therapy for Neurological Disor by William F. Colmers and Claes ders and Brain Tumors, edited by E. Wahlestedt,1993 Antonio Chiocca and Xandra O. Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance and Breakefield, 1998 Sensitization, edited by A. J. Highly Selective Neurotoxins: Basic and Goudie and M. W. Emmett Clinical Applications, edited by Ri Oglesby, 1989 chard M. Kostrzewa, 1998 Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Experimental Psychopharmacology, Management, edited by Paul L. edited by Andrew J. Greenshaw Wood, 1998 and Colin T. Dourish, 1987 Neuroprotective Signal Transduction, Developmental Neurobiology of the edited by Mark P. Mattson, 1998 Autonomic Nervous System, edited Clinical Pharmacology of Cerebral by Phyllis M. Gootman, 1986 Ischemia, edited by GertJ. Ter Horst The Auditory Midbrain, edited by and Jakob Korf, 1997 Lindsay Aitkin, 1985 Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia, Neurobiology of the Trace Elements, edited by Wilma Wasco and edited by Ivor E. Dreosti Rudolph E. Tanzi, 1997 and Richard M. Smith Stem Cells and CNS Development Edited by Mahendra S. Rao Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah Medical School Salt Lake City, UT Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC © 2001 Springer-Seienee+ Business Media New York Originally published by Humana Press Ine. in 2001 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 15t edition 2001 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 AII rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. AII authored papers, comments, opinions, conc1usions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. GV ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary. Cover illustration taken from Fig. 6 in Chapter 9. It is a scanning EM showing a solitary oligodendrocyte in a mixed culture or ES cell-derived neural cells. For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/ or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256- 1699; Fax: 973-256-8314; E-mail: [email protected] Photoeopy Authorization Poliey: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $10.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rose wood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCc, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Stern cells and CNS development / edited by Mahendra S. Rao. p. cm. - (Contemporary neuroscience) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61737-237-7 ISBN 978-1-59259-107-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-107-7 1. Developmental neurobiology. 2. Stern cells. 1. Rao, Mahendra S. II. Series. QP363.5 .575 2001 612.8-dc21 00-058081 Preface Neural differentiation is an early embryonic event that occurs soon after germ layer specification from the blastula. The early formed ecto derm undergoes further patterning to separate into two identifiable components, the presumptive neural ectoderm and the presumptive epidermis. Neural tissue segregates as a clearly demar cated epithelium termed the neuroepithelium (or neuroectoderm). This neuroepithelium generates the central nervous system (eNS), whereas cells at the margins of the neuroepithelium will generate the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A variety of evidence has been accumulated to show that the process of neural differentiation involves a sequential restriction in differentiation potential. A fundamental breakthrough in our understanding of nervous system development was the identification of multipotent neural stem cells (neurospheres) about 10 years ago. Dr. Samuel Weiss and col leagues showed that EGF (epidermal growth factor)-dependent stem cells could be harvested from different brain regions at different devel opmental stages and that these could be maintained over multiple passages in vitro. The original finding that EGF-dependent neural stem cells exist has been replicated and extended by many investiga tors, and there has been a veritable explosion of research on stem cells, their role in normal development, and their potential therapeutic uses. Different classes of neural stem cells have been identified, new mark ers described, cell lines generated, and factors that regulate the differentiation process characterized. Other investigators have shown that these pluripotent stem cells likely generate eNS and PNS derivatives via the generation of intermediate lineage restricted precursors that differ from each other and from multipotent stem cells. The therapeutic implications of accessing a virtually unlimited population of homogenous progenitor cells to treat eNS disorders or for gene and drug discovery has not escaped investigators, and sev eral companies have been formed to exploit stem cell technology and several research institutions have initiated transplant studies. This rapid transition from a basic discovery to clinical trials is both surprising and unprecedented. v vi Preface In Stem Cells and CNS Development, I have invited some of the lead ing authorities in the field of neural stem cell biology to summarize their findings and describe how these results may lead to novel thera pies. The first part of the book surveys the various kinds of stem cells, progenitor cells, and precursors that have been described, while the second half describes how these cells are beginning to be used for therapeutic purposes. It is my hope that this book will serve as a valu able compendium of practical information on the current state of the field for all those engaged in this research. Mahendra Rao Contents Preface ......................................................................................................... v Contributors .............................................................................................. ix 1 • Defining Neural Stem Cells and Their Role in Normal Development of the Nervous System ...................................... 1 Sally Temple 2 • Multipotent Stem Cells in the Embryonic Nervous System .......................................................................................... 31 John A. Kessler, Mark F. Mehler, and Peter C. Mabie 3 • Multipotent Stem Cells in the Adult Central Nervous System .......................................................................................... 49 Luca Bonfanti, Angela Gritti, Rossella Galli, and Angelo L. Vescovi 4 • Glial Characteristics of Adult Subventricular Zone Stem Cells .................................................................................... 71 Daniel A. Lim and Arturo Alvarez-Buylla 5 • Neuronal Restricted Precursors .................................................. 93 Giri Venkatraman and Marla B. Luskin 6 • Glial Restricted Precursors ......................................................... 123 Mark Noble and Margot Mayer-Proschel 7 • PNS Precursor Cells ..................................................................... 153 Tanya A. Moreno and Marianne Bronner-Fraser 8 • Neural Progenitor Cells of the Adult Human Brain ............. 177 Steven A. Goldman 9 • ES Cells and Neurogenesis ......................................................... 207 John W. McDonald 10 • Mobilizing Endogenous Stem Cells .......................................... 263 Theo D. Palmer, Sophia Colamarino, and Fred H. Gage 11 • Transplant Therapy ..................................................................... 291 Barbara A. Tate, Kate A. Bower, and Evan Y. Snyder vii Vlll Contents 12 • Drug Discovery and Gene Discovery ....................................... 307 Alexander Kamb and Mahendra S. Rao Appendix A: Neural Stem Cell Companies ....................................... 327 Appendix B: Stem Cells and Transplants ......................................... 331 Appendix C: Patents and Stem Cells .................................................. 335 Appendix D: Stem Cells and US Federal Guidelines .......................... 337 About the Authors ................................................................................ 353 Index ........................................................................................................ 359 Contributors ARTURO ALVAREZ-BUYLLA· The Rockefeller University, New York, NY LUCA BONFANTI· Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy KATE A. BOWER • Harvard Medical School and The Children's Hospital, Boston, MA MARIANNE BRONNER-FRASER • Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA SOPHIA COLAMARINO • Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA FRED H. GAGE • Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA ROSSELLA GALLI • Institute for Stem Cell Research, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy STEVEN A. GOLDMAN • Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY ANGELA GRITTI • Institute for Stem Cell Research, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy ALEXANDER KAMB • Arcaris Inc., Salt Lake City, UT JOHN A. KESSLER • Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL DANIEL A. LIM • The Rockefeller University, New York, NY MARLA B. LUSKIN • Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA PETER C. MABIE • Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY MARGOT MAYER-PROSCHEL • Center for Cancer Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY JOHN W. McDONALD • Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury & Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO MARK F. MEHLER • Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY TANYA A. MORENO· Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA lX x Contributors MARK NOBLE • Center for Cancer Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY THEO D. PALMER • Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA MAHENDRA S. RAo· Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT EVAN Y. SNYDER· Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Boston, MA BARBARA A. TATE • Harvard Medical School and The Children's Hospital, Boston, MA SALLY TEMPLE • Center for Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY GIRl VENKATRAMAN • Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA ANGELO L. VESCOVI· Institute for Stem Cell Research, S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
The list of books you might like
