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Steady Aircraft Flight and Performance PDF

414 Pages·2011·9.4 MB·English
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STEADY AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND STEADY AIRCRAFT FLIGHT AND PERFORMANCE N. Harris McClamroch Copyright © 2011 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McClamroch, N. H. (N. Harris) Steady aircraft flight and performance / N. Harris McClamroch. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-14719-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Airplanes—Performance. 2. Airplanes—Handling characteristics. I. Title. TL671.4.M38 2011 629.132—dc22 2010016334 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Times New Roman Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Interior designed by Marcella Engel Roberts Typeset by S R Nova Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF MATLAB M-FILES PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 Aircraft Components and Subsystems 1.1 Aircraft Subsystems for Conventional Fixed-Wing Aircraft 1.2 Aerodynamic Control Surfaces 1.3 Aircraft Propulsion Systems 1.4 Aircraft Structural Systems 1.5 Air Data and Flight Instrumentation 1.6 Guidance, Navigation, and Control 1.7 Flight Control Computers 1.8 Communication Systems 1.9 Aircraft Pilots 1.10 Autonomous Aircraft 1.11 Interconnection and Integration of Flight Systems 2 Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics 2.1 Fundamental Properties of Air 2.2 Standard Atmosphere Model 2.3 Aerodynamics Fundamentals 2.4 Aerodynamics of Flow over a Wing 2.5 Wing Geometry 2.6 Problems 3 Aircraft Translational Kinematics, Attitude, Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 3.1 Cartesian Frames 3.2 Aircraft Translational Kinematics 3.3 Aircraft Attitude and the Translational Kinematics 3.4 Translational Kinematics for Flight in a Fixed Vertical Plane 3.5 Translational Kinematics for Flight in a Fixed Horizontal Plane 3.6 Small Angle Approximations 3.7 Coordinated Flight 3.8 Clarification of Bank Angles 3.9 Aerodynamic Forces 3.10 Aerodynamic Moments 3.11 Problems 4 Propulsion Systems 4.1 Steady Thrust and Power Relations 4.2 Jet Engines 4.3 Propeller Driven by Internal Combustion Engine 4.4 Turboprop Engines 4.5 Throttle as a Pilot Input 4.6 Problems 5 Prelude to Steady Flight Analysis 5.1 Aircraft Forces and Moments 5.2 Steady Flight Equations 5.3 Steady Longitudinal Flight 5.4 Steady Level Turning Flight 5.5 Flight Constraints 5.6 Aircraft Case Studies 5.7 Characteristics of an Executive Jet Aircraft 5.8 Characteristics of a Single Engine Propeller-Driven General Aviation Aircraft 5.9 Characteristics of an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 5.10 Problems 6 Aircraft Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight 6.1 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight 6.2 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight Analysis 6.3 Minimum Glide Angle 6.4 Minimum Descent Rate 6.5 Maximum Glide Angle 6.6 Maximum Descent Rate 6.7 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight Envelopes 6.8 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 6.9 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 6.10 Conclusions 6.11 Problems 7 Aircraft Cruise in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight 7.1 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight 7.2 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Analysis 7.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Performance 7.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Performance 7.5 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 7.6 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft 7.7 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 7.8 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft 7.9 Conclusions 7.10 Problems 8 Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight 8.1 Steady Longitudinal Flight 8.2 Steady Longitudinal Flight Analysis 8.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight Performance 8.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight Performance 8.5 Steady Climbing Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 8.6 Steady Descending Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 8.7 Steady Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft 8.8 Steady Climbing Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 8.9 Steady Descending Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 8.10 Steady longitudinal Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft 8.11 Conclusions 8.12 Problems 9 Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight 9.1 Turns by Side-Slipping 9.2 Steady Level Banked Turning Flight 9.3 Steady Level Banked Turning Flight Analysis 9.4 Jet Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight Performance 9.5 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight Performance 9.6 Steady Level Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 9.7 Steady Level Turning Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft 9.8 Steady Level Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 9.9 Steady Level Turning Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft 9.10 Conclusions 9.11 Problems 10 Aircraft Steady Turning Flight 10.1 Steady Banked Turns 10.2 Steady Banked Turning Flight Analysis 10.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Turning Flight Performance 10.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Turning Flight Performance 10.5 Steady Climbing and Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 10.6 Steady Descending and Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft 10.7 Steady Turning Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft 10.8 Steady Climbing and Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 10.9 Steady Descending and Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft 10.10 Steady Turning Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft 10.11 Conclusions 10.12 Problems 11 Aircraft Range and Endurance in Steady Flight 11.1 Fuel Consumption 11.2 Steady Flight Background 11.3 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight 11.4 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight 11.5 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in a Steady Level Turn 11.6 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in a Steady Level Turn 11.7 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in a Steady Turn 11.8 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in a Steady Turn 11.9 Maximum Range and Maximum Endurance: Executive Jet Aircraft 11.10 Maximum Range and Maximum Endurance: General Aviation Aircraft 11.11 Conclusions 11.12 Problems 12 Aircraft Maneuvers and Flight Planning 12.1 Static Flight Stability 12.2 Flight Maneuvers 12.3 Pilot Inputs That Achieve a Desired Flight Condition 12.4 Flight Plans Defined by a Sequence of Waypoints 12.5 A Flight Planning Problem: Executive Jet Aircraft 12.6 A Flight Planning Problem: General Aviation Aircraft 12.7 Conclusions 12.8 Problems 13 From Steady Flight to Flight Dynamics 13.1 Flight Dynamics Assumptions 13.2 Differential Equations for the Translational Flight Dynamics 13.3 Including Engine Characteristics and Fuel Consumption 13.4 Differential Equations for Longitudinal Translational Flight Dynamics 13.5 Differential Equations for Takeoff and Landing 13.6 Steady Flight and the Translational Flight Dynamics 13.7 Dynamic Flight Stability 13.8 Computing Dynamic Flight Performance Measures and Flight Envelopes 13.9 Flight Simulations: Executive Jet Aircraft 13.10 Flight Simulations: General Aviation Aircraft 13.11 Conclusions 13.12 Problems Appendix A The Standard Atmosphere Model Appendix B End-of-Chapter Problems B.1 Executive Jet Aircraft B.2 Single Engine Propeller-Driven General Aviation Aircraft B.3 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) REFERENCES INDEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.1. Aircraft subsystems Figure 1.2. Aerodynamic control surfaces Figure 2.1. Standard atmosphere Figure 2.2. Flow over an airfoil Figure 2.3. Wing cross section, airfoil (NACA2411) Figure 2.4. Wing geometry Figure 2.5. Aircraft wing designs Figure 3.1. Ground- and aircraft-fixed frames in 3D Figure 3.2. Aircraft velocity vector in ground-fixed frame in 3D Figure 3.3. Aircraft velocity vector in aircraft-fixed frame in 3D Figure 3.4. Longitudinal aircraft translational kinematics Figure 3.5. Lateral aircraft translational kinematics Figure 3.6. Dependence of lift coefficient on angle of attack Figure 3.7. Dependence of drag coefficient on angle of attack Figure 4.1. Typical full throttle jet engine characteristics Figure 4.2. Typical full throttle internal combustion engine characteristics Figure 5.1. Executive jet aircraft Figure 5.2. Propeller-driven general aviation aircraft Figure 6.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady gliding longitudinal flight Figure 6.2. Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = 5 Figure 6.3. glide degrees) Figure 6.4. Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft (γ Figure 6.5. glide = 10 degrees) Figure 7.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady level longitudinal flight Figure 7.2. Thrust required for steady level longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft Maximum airspeed for steady level longitudinal flight: executive jet Figure 7.3. aircraft Figure 7.4. Steady level longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft Power required for steady level longitudinal flight: general aviation Figure 7.5. aircraft Maximum airspeed for steady level longitudinal flight: general aviation Figure 7.6. aircraft Figure 7.7. Steady level longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft Figure 8.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady longitudinal flight Thrust required for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = 3 Figure 8.2. degrees) Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = Figure 8.3. 3 degrees) Figure 8.4. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = 3 degrees) Thrust required for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = –2 Figure 8.5. degrees) Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = Figure 8.6. –2 degrees) Figure 8.7. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = –2 degrees) Figure 8.8. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft Power required for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft Figure 8.9. (V = −16 ft/s) climb Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft Figure 8.10. (V = 16 ft/s) climb Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft (V = 16 Figure 8.11. climb ft/s) Power required for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft Figure 8.12. (V = −10 ft/s) climb Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft Figure 8.13. (V = −10 ft/s) climb Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation A aircraft (V = 10 Figure 8.14. climb ft/s) Figure 8.15. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft Figure 9.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in a steady level turn by banking Thrust required for steady level turning flight: executive jet aircraft (µ = Figure 9.2. 30 degrees) Maximum airspeed for steady level turning flight: executive jet aircraft (µ Figure 9.3. = 30 degrees) Figure 9.4. Minimum radius steady level turn: executive jet aircraft Figure 9.5. Steady level turning flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (µ = 30 degrees) Figure 9.6. Steady level turning flight envelope: executive jet aircraft Power required for steady level turning flight: general aviation aircraft (µ Figure 9.7. = 25 degrees) Maximum airspeed for steady level turning flight: general aviation aircraft

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This undergraduate textbook offers a unique introduction to steady flight and performance for fixed-wing aircraft from a twenty-first-century flight systems perspective. Emphasizing the interplay between mathematics and engineering, it fully explains the fundamentals of aircraft flight and develops
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