steady aircraft flight and performance

414 Pages·2016·9.4 MB·English

STEADY AIRCRAFT
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
AND
STEADY AIRCRAFT
FLIGHT AND PERFORMANCE
N. Harris McClamroch
Copyright © 2011 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McClamroch, N. H. (N. Harris)
Steady aircraft flight and performance / N. Harris McClamroch.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-691-14719-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Airplanes—Performance. 2. Airplanes—Handling characteristics.
I. Title.
TL671.4.M38 2011
629.132—dc22
2010016334
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Times New Roman
Printed on acid-free paper. ∞
press.princeton.edu
Interior designed by Marcella Engel Roberts
Typeset by S R Nova Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
Printed in the United States of America
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF MATLAB M-FILES
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 Aircraft Components and Subsystems
1.1 Aircraft Subsystems for Conventional Fixed-Wing Aircraft
1.2 Aerodynamic Control Surfaces
1.3 Aircraft Propulsion Systems
1.4 Aircraft Structural Systems
1.5 Air Data and Flight Instrumentation
1.6 Guidance, Navigation, and Control
1.7 Flight Control Computers
1.8 Communication Systems
1.9 Aircraft Pilots
1.10 Autonomous Aircraft
1.11 Interconnection and Integration of Flight Systems
2 Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics
2.1 Fundamental Properties of Air
2.2 Standard Atmosphere Model
2.3 Aerodynamics Fundamentals
2.4 Aerodynamics of Flow over a Wing
2.5 Wing Geometry
2.6 Problems
3 Aircraft Translational Kinematics, Attitude, Aerodynamic Forces and
Moments
3.1 Cartesian Frames
3.2 Aircraft Translational Kinematics
3.3 Aircraft Attitude and the Translational Kinematics
3.4 Translational Kinematics for Flight in a Fixed Vertical Plane
3.5 Translational Kinematics for Flight in a Fixed Horizontal Plane
3.6 Small Angle Approximations
3.7 Coordinated Flight
3.8 Clarification of Bank Angles
3.9 Aerodynamic Forces
3.10 Aerodynamic Moments
3.11 Problems
4 Propulsion Systems
4.1 Steady Thrust and Power Relations
4.2 Jet Engines
4.3 Propeller Driven by Internal Combustion Engine
4.4 Turboprop Engines
4.5 Throttle as a Pilot Input
4.6 Problems
5 Prelude to Steady Flight Analysis
5.1 Aircraft Forces and Moments
5.2 Steady Flight Equations
5.3 Steady Longitudinal Flight
5.4 Steady Level Turning Flight
5.5 Flight Constraints
5.6 Aircraft Case Studies
5.7 Characteristics of an Executive Jet Aircraft
5.8 Characteristics of a Single Engine Propeller-Driven General Aviation Aircraft
5.9 Characteristics of an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
5.10 Problems
6 Aircraft Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight
6.1 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight
6.2 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight Analysis
6.3 Minimum Glide Angle
6.4 Minimum Descent Rate
6.5 Maximum Glide Angle
6.6 Maximum Descent Rate
6.7 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight Envelopes
6.8 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
6.9 Steady Gliding Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
6.10 Conclusions
6.11 Problems
7 Aircraft Cruise in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight
7.1 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight
7.2 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Analysis
7.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Performance
7.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Performance
7.5 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
7.6 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft
7.7 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
7.8 Steady Level Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft
7.9 Conclusions
7.10 Problems
8 Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight
8.1 Steady Longitudinal Flight
8.2 Steady Longitudinal Flight Analysis
8.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight Performance
8.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight Performance
8.5 Steady Climbing Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
8.6 Steady Descending Longitudinal Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
8.7 Steady Longitudinal Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft
8.8 Steady Climbing Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
8.9 Steady Descending Longitudinal Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
8.10 Steady longitudinal Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft
8.11 Conclusions
8.12 Problems
9 Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight
9.1 Turns by Side-Slipping
9.2 Steady Level Banked Turning Flight
9.3 Steady Level Banked Turning Flight Analysis
9.4 Jet Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight Performance
9.5 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Level Turning Flight Performance
9.6 Steady Level Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
9.7 Steady Level Turning Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft
9.8 Steady Level Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
9.9 Steady Level Turning Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft
9.10 Conclusions
9.11 Problems
10 Aircraft Steady Turning Flight
10.1 Steady Banked Turns
10.2 Steady Banked Turning Flight Analysis
10.3 Jet Aircraft Steady Turning Flight Performance
10.4 General Aviation Aircraft Steady Turning Flight Performance
10.5 Steady Climbing and Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
10.6 Steady Descending and Turning Flight: Executive Jet Aircraft
10.7 Steady Turning Flight Envelopes: Executive Jet Aircraft
10.8 Steady Climbing and Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
10.9 Steady Descending and Turning Flight: General Aviation Aircraft
10.10 Steady Turning Flight Envelopes: General Aviation Aircraft
10.11 Conclusions
10.12 Problems
11 Aircraft Range and Endurance in Steady Flight
11.1 Fuel Consumption
11.2 Steady Flight Background
11.3 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight
11.4 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in Steady Level Longitudinal Flight
11.5 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in a Steady Level Turn
11.6 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in a Steady Level Turn
11.7 Range and Endurance of a Jet Aircraft in a Steady Turn
11.8 Range and Endurance of a General Aviation Aircraft in a Steady Turn
11.9 Maximum Range and Maximum Endurance: Executive Jet Aircraft
11.10 Maximum Range and Maximum Endurance: General Aviation Aircraft
11.11 Conclusions
11.12 Problems
12 Aircraft Maneuvers and Flight Planning
12.1 Static Flight Stability
12.2 Flight Maneuvers
12.3 Pilot Inputs That Achieve a Desired Flight Condition
12.4 Flight Plans Defined by a Sequence of Waypoints
12.5 A Flight Planning Problem: Executive Jet Aircraft
12.6 A Flight Planning Problem: General Aviation Aircraft
12.7 Conclusions
12.8 Problems
13 From Steady Flight to Flight Dynamics
13.1 Flight Dynamics Assumptions
13.2 Differential Equations for the Translational Flight Dynamics
13.3 Including Engine Characteristics and Fuel Consumption
13.4 Differential Equations for Longitudinal Translational Flight Dynamics
13.5 Differential Equations for Takeoff and Landing
13.6 Steady Flight and the Translational Flight Dynamics
13.7 Dynamic Flight Stability
13.8 Computing Dynamic Flight Performance Measures and Flight Envelopes
13.9 Flight Simulations: Executive Jet Aircraft
13.10 Flight Simulations: General Aviation Aircraft
13.11 Conclusions
13.12 Problems
Appendix A The Standard Atmosphere Model
Appendix B End-of-Chapter Problems
B.1 Executive Jet Aircraft
B.2 Single Engine Propeller-Driven General Aviation Aircraft
B.3 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
REFERENCES
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1.1. Aircraft subsystems
Figure 1.2. Aerodynamic control surfaces
Figure 2.1. Standard atmosphere
Figure 2.2. Flow over an airfoil
Figure 2.3. Wing cross section, airfoil (NACA2411)
Figure 2.4. Wing geometry
Figure 2.5. Aircraft wing designs
Figure 3.1. Ground- and aircraft-fixed frames in 3D
Figure 3.2. Aircraft velocity vector in ground-fixed frame in 3D
Figure 3.3. Aircraft velocity vector in aircraft-fixed frame in 3D
Figure 3.4. Longitudinal aircraft translational kinematics
Figure 3.5. Lateral aircraft translational kinematics
Figure 3.6. Dependence of lift coefficient on angle of attack
Figure 3.7. Dependence of drag coefficient on angle of attack
Figure 4.1. Typical full throttle jet engine characteristics
Figure 4.2. Typical full throttle internal combustion engine characteristics
Figure 5.1. Executive jet aircraft
Figure 5.2. Propeller-driven general aviation aircraft
Figure 6.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady gliding longitudinal flight
Figure 6.2. Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft
Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = 5
Figure 6.3. glide
degrees)
Figure 6.4. Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft
Steady gliding longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft (γ
Figure 6.5. glide
= 10 degrees)
Figure 7.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady level longitudinal flight
Figure 7.2. Thrust required for steady level longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft
Maximum airspeed for steady level longitudinal flight: executive jet
Figure 7.3.
aircraft
Figure 7.4. Steady level longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft
Power required for steady level longitudinal flight: general aviation
Figure 7.5.
aircraft
Maximum airspeed for steady level longitudinal flight: general aviation
Figure 7.6.
aircraft
Figure 7.7. Steady level longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft
Figure 8.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in steady longitudinal flight
Thrust required for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = 3
Figure 8.2.
degrees)
Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ =
Figure 8.3.
3 degrees)
Figure 8.4. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = 3 degrees)
Thrust required for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ = –2
Figure 8.5.
degrees)
Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: executive jet aircraft (γ =
Figure 8.6.
–2 degrees)
Figure 8.7. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (γ = –2 degrees)
Figure 8.8. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: executive jet aircraft
Power required for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft
Figure 8.9.
(V = −16 ft/s)
climb
Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft
Figure 8.10.
(V = 16 ft/s)
climb
Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft (V = 16
Figure 8.11. climb
ft/s)
Power required for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft
Figure 8.12.
(V = −10 ft/s)
climb
Maximum airspeed for steady longitudinal flight: general aviation aircraft
Figure 8.13.
(V = −10 ft/s)
climb
Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation A aircraft (V = 10
Figure 8.14. climb
ft/s)
Figure 8.15. Steady longitudinal flight envelope: general aviation aircraft
Figure 9.1. Free-body diagram of an aircraft in a steady level turn by banking
Thrust required for steady level turning flight: executive jet aircraft (µ =
Figure 9.2.
30 degrees)
Maximum airspeed for steady level turning flight: executive jet aircraft (µ
Figure 9.3.
= 30 degrees)
Figure 9.4. Minimum radius steady level turn: executive jet aircraft
Figure 9.5. Steady level turning flight envelope: executive jet aircraft (µ = 30 degrees)
Figure 9.6. Steady level turning flight envelope: executive jet aircraft
Power required for steady level turning flight: general aviation aircraft (µ
Figure 9.7.
= 25 degrees)
Maximum airspeed for steady level turning flight: general aviation aircraft