Statutory interpretation in Australia PDF
Preview Statutory interpretation in Australia
TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm Statutory Interpretation in Australia Ninth Edition Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd i 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm Previous Editions Statutory Interpretation in Australia, D C Pearce, Butterworths, Sydney, 1974 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 2nd ed, D C Pearce, Butterworths, Sydney, 1981 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 3rd ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, Butterworths, Sydney, 1988 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 4th ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, Butterworths, Sydney, 1996 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 5th ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, Butterworths, Sydney, 2001 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 6th ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney, 2006 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 7th ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney, 2011 Statutory Interpretation in Australia, 8th ed, D C Pearce & R S Geddes, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney, 2014 Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd ii 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm Statutory Interpretation in Australia Ninth Edition (previous editions by D C Pearce and R S Geddes) Emeritus Professor Dennis C Pearce AO, FAAL LLB (Adelaide), LLM (ANU), PhD (ANU) Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Courts of South Australia and Australian Capital Territory and the High Court Solicitor, Supreme Court of New South Wales Emeritus Professor of Law, Australian National University Consultant, HWL Ebsworth, Lawyers LexisNexis Butterworths Australia 2019 Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd iii 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm LexisNexis AUSTRALIA LexisNexis Butterworths 475–495 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood NSW 2067 On the internet at: www.lexisnexis.com.au ARGENTINA LexisNexis Argentina, Buenos Aires AUSTRIA LexisNexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH & Co KG, ViennA BRAZIL LexisNexis Latin America, sAo PAulo CANADA LexisNexis Canada, Markham, ontArio CHILE LexisNexis Chile, sAntiAgo CHINA LexisNexis China, Beijing, shAnghAi CZECH REPUBLIC Nakladatelství Orac sro, PrAgue FRANCE LexisNexis SA, PAris GERMANY LexisNexis Germany, FrAnkFurt HONG KONG LexisNexis Hong Kong, hong kong HUNGARY HVG-Orac, BudAPest INDIA LexisNexis, new delhi ITALY Dott A Giuffrè Editore SpA, MilAn JAPAN LexisNexis Japan KK, tokyo KOREA LexisNexis, seoul MALAYSIA LexisNexis Malaysia Sdn Bhd, PetAling jAyA, selAngor NEW ZEALAND LexisNexis, wellington POLAND Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, wArsAw SINGAPORE LexisNexis, singAPore SOUTH AFRICA LexisNexis Butterworths, durBAn SWITZERLAND Staempfli Verlag AG, Berne TAIWAN LexisNexis, tAiwAn UNITED KINGDOM LexisNexis UK, London, edinBurgh USA LexisNexis Group, New York, new york LexisNexis, Miamisburg, ohio isBn: 9780409350562 (hbk). 9780409350579 (pbk). 9780409350586 (ebk). © 2019 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Typeset in Garamond MT Std and Univers LT Std. Printed in China. Visit LexisNexis Butterworths at www.lexisnexis.com.au Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd iv 30/08/2019 08:26:18 203591 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm Contents Preface xv Table of Cases xvii Table of Statutes xci Abbreviations ci Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Interpretation 1 Legislation Defined 1 Magnitude of the Task 3 Difficulties for Drafters and Interpreters of Legislation 4 Interpretation of Other Documents 5 Duties of the Courts in Relation to Legislation 6 Court Not Bound by Counsel’s Argument on Interpretation 7 Binding Precedent and the Interpretation of Legislation 8 Persuasive Authority of Decisions Interpreting Legislation 10 Factors Influencing Adherence to Previous Interpretations 13 Persuasive Authority of Decisions Interpreting Commonwealth Legislation 14 Persuasive Authority of Previous Interpretations of Uniform Legislation 16 Uniform Interpretation of Legislation Enacted to Give Effect to International Agreements 21 Prospective Overruling 22 Relationship Between Legislative Innovation and the Common Law 23 Duty of Executive to Follow Court’s Interpretation of Legislation 25 Preliminary Matters 25 Classification of Acts 25 Parts of a Statute 29 Drafting Style 32 Chapter 2 Approaches to the Interpretation of Legislation 33 Contemporary Approach 33 Discovering the Meaning of Documents 34 Intention of the Legislature 35 Common Law Approaches 38 Background 38 Literal Approach 38 v Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd v 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm STATUTORY INTERPRETATION IN AUSTRALIA Golden Rule 39 Purposive Approach 40 Interpretation in Context 42 Constructional Choice 44 Statutory Requirements 45 Introduction 45 Section 15AA and Equivalent Provisions 46 Meaning and Operation of s 15AA and Equivalent Provisions 48 Statements of Purpose in Legislation 50 Inferences of Purpose in Legislation 51 Limitations of Interpretation by Reference to Purpose 53 ‘Strained Construction’ 53 Section 15AA, its Equivalents and Legislative Drafting 55 Australian Capital Territory Equivalent of s 15AA 55 Queensland Equivalent of s 15AA 56 South Australian Equivalent of s 15AA 56 Australian Capital Territory, Queensland and Victorian Equivalents of s 15AA and Compatibility with Human Rights 57 Interpretation and International Agreements 57 Interpretation of Legislation Giving Effect to International Agreements 57 International Law Interpretive Principles 59 Taxation Cases and International Law 63 Interpretation of International Agreements 65 Specific Common Law Principles of Interpretation 66 Status of Common Law Principles 66 General Words to be Given their Primary and Natural Significance 66 General Words to be Given their Legal Meaning 67 All Words Have Meaning and Effect 67 Words of Limitation to be Given Effect 69 Correction of Printing and Drafting Errors 69 Modification of ‘and’ and ‘or’ 70 Words Used in Error 70 Disjunctive Interpretation of ‘and’ and Conjunctive Interpretation of ‘or’ 71 Statutory Affirmation that ‘or’ is to be Interpreted Disjunctively 73 Implying Words in Legislation 73 High Court Decision in Taylor v Owners — Strata Plan No 11564 75 Consequences of a Particular Interpretation 77 Limits of Argument by Reference to Consequences 80 Interpretation Permitting a Person to Take Advantage of His or Her Own Wrong Resisted 81 Interpretation to Ensure Validity and Attainment of Object of Legislation: Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam Pereat 82 Plain English Drafting 83 Interpretation of Legislation Drafted in Plain English 83 vi Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd vi 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm CONtENtS Chapter 3 Extrinsic Aids to Interpretation 85 Interpretation by Reference to Other Documents 85 United States’ Use of Legislative History 86 Parliamentary, Executive and Related Materials 87 Common Law Principles Governing Reference to Parliamentary and Executive Materials 87 Uses of Extrinsic Materials in the Interpretive Process 92 Constitutional Convention Debates and Referendum Materials 93 Common Law Principles Governing Reference to International Agreements 94 Section 15AB and Equivalent Provisions 97 Operation of s 15AB and Equivalent Provisions 99 Interpretation by Reference to International Agreements Under s 15AB and Equivalent Provisions 103 Australian Capital Territory Equivalent of s 15AB 104 Victorian Equivalent of s 15AB 105 Limitations on the Uses of Extrinsic Material 106 Practice Directions Relating to Proposed Reliance on Extrinsic Material 110 Other Extrinsic Materials 110 Possible Application of s 15AB and Equivalent Provisions to Other Extrinsic Materials 110 Dictionaries 110 Prior Statutory Provisions 113 Repealed Provisions 115 Subsequent Amending Acts 116 Interpretation where Parliament Takes View of Meaning of Act 118 Similar Acts — General 119 Definitions in Like Legislation 121 Reference to Legislative Scheme 122 Legislation Enacted Pursuant to Cooperative Federalism Schemes 124 Reference to Delegated Legislation for Purpose of Interpreting Act 124 Reference to Regulations that are to be Treated as if Enacted in Act 127 Re-Enactment of Provision After Judicial Decision as to Meaning 127 Chapter 4 Intrinsic or Grammatical Aids to Interpretation 136 Introduction 136 Act to be Read as a Whole 136 Context where Act Divided into Parts 140 Order in which Sections to be Read 140 Words are Assumed to be used Consistently 141 Words to be Interpreted in Accordance with their Ordinary and Current Meaning 146 Interpretation of Composite Phrases 148 vii Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd vii 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm STATUTORY INTERPRETATION IN AUSTRALIA Legislation Deemed to be Always Speaking 149 Interpretation of Legal Technical Words 156 Interpretation of Non-Legal Technical Words 158 Words to be Interpreted in Accordance with their Customary Usage 162 Interpretation Having Regard to Nature of Instrument 163 De Minimis Non Curat Lex: The Law Does Not Pay Heed to Trifling Matters 165 Syntactical Presumptions 165 Introduction 165 Noscitur a Sociis: The Meaning of a Word or Phrase is to be Derived from its Context 166 Ejusdem Generis: General Matters are Constrained by Reference to Specific Matters 167 Superior Class Limitation 174 Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius: An Express Reference to One Matter Indicates that Other Matters are Excluded 174 Expressum Facit Cessare Tacitum 178 Generalia Specialibus Non Derogant: Where there is a Conflict between General and Specific Provisions, the Specific Provisions Prevail 181 Later Section Prevails over Earlier 183 Reddendo Singula Singulis: Where Two or More Subjects are Qualified by Two or More Matters, the Qualifications Attach to the Subjects in the Order in which they Appear 184 Hendiadys 184 Device of ‘Deeming’ 185 Framework of the Act 188 Introduction 188 Long Title 189 Short Title 190 Preamble 191 Statement of Intention or Objects Clause 192 Part and Division Headings 194 Schedules 196 Provisos 197 Marginal Notes and Headings to Sections 199 Notes Generally 201 Examples 203 Punctuation 203 Paragraphing of Sections 205 Tenses 206 Chapter 5 Legal Assumptions: Principle of Legality 207 Introduction 207 Application and Displacement of Legal Assumptions 211 Rights Falling within Principle of Legality 214 viii Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd viii 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm CONtENtS Fundamental Rights and Principles 216 Presumption that Law is Constitutional 217 Legislation is Presumed Not to have Extraterritorial Effect 218 General Words are Presumed Not to Extend to Cases Governed by Foreign Law 221 Crown Presumed Not to be Bound by Statutes 223 Legislation is Presumed Not to Limit Prerogative Powers or Property Rights of Crown 227 Legislation is Presumed Not to Impose Penal Sanctions on the Crown 227 Legislation is Presumed Not to Interfere with Equality of Religion 227 Legislation is Presumed Not to Violate the Rules of International Law 227 Legislation is Presumed Not to Alienate Vested Proprietary Interests without Adequate Compensation 229 Legislation is Presumed Not to Interfere with Vested Proprietary Interests 230 Statutory Rights and Presumption Against Interference with Vested Proprietary Interests 232 Statutory Exemption for Government Bodies Narrowly Construed 233 Conferral of Power Carries Power of Performance 234 Minister May Delegate Power: The Carltona Principle 236 Legislation is Presumed Not to Operate Retrospectively 236 Legislation is Presumed Not to Alter Common Law Doctrines: Legislation is Presumed Not to Invade Common Law Rights 236 Statements of Presumption Against Alteration of Common Law Doctrines 237 Statements of Presumption Against the Invasion of Common Law Rights 243 Upholding of Statutory Rights 245 Legal Representation 246 Legislation is Presumed Not to Oust Established Jurisdictions 246 Investment of a Court with Jurisdiction is Intended to Include all the Procedure of the Court 248 If Legislation Includes a Remedy for Breach No Other Remedy is Available 250 The Future of the Principle of Legality 250 Human Rights Acts 252 Introduction 252 Relationship Between Human Rights and Presumptions 253 Table of Principles, Rights and Privileges Recognised by Courts 255 ix Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd ix 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658 TRIM SIZE: 152 x 241mm STATUTORY INTERPRETATION IN AUSTRALIA Chapter 6 Interpretation Acts and Sections 261 Introduction 261 Contrary Intention 261 Interpretation Sections 262 Interpretation of Definitions 262 General Issues 263 Use of Expressions ‘Means’ and ‘Includes’ 265 Other Definitional Forms 270 Derivatives of Definitions 271 Definitions to Apply ‘Unless the Contrary Intention Appears’ 271 Definitions Not to be Treated as Substantive Provisions 274 Amendment of Definitions 274 Chapter 7 Interpretation of Repealing Acts, Amending Acts and Acts Incorporating Other Legislation 275 Repealing Acts 275 Distinction Between Repealing and Amending Provisions 275 Classification of Provision that Limits Section Amended 277 Effect of Classifying Provision as ‘Repealing’ or ‘Amending’ 278 Invalidity of Repealing Legislation 279 Repeal of Imperial Act 280 Date of Effect of Repealing Statute 280 Expired Act 281 Reference to Repealed Legislation for Interpretation Purposes 281 Implied Repeal By Later Statute 281 Later Acts Repeal Earlier Inconsistent Acts 281 Reference to ‘Repeal’ 282 Limitation on Implication of Repeal 283 Test of Inconsistency 285 Application of Implied Repeal Approach: Different Penalties 285 Test of Reading Competing Acts Together 286 Attempts to Limit Later Legislation 287 Implied Repeal of Imperial Act 287 Implied Repeal: Delegated Legislation 288 Overriding of State Act by Commonwealth Act 288 General Provision Does Not Impliedly Repeal Specific Provision: Generalia Specialibus Non Derogant 289 Amending Acts 292 Introduction 292 Reference to ‘this Act’ 295 Statute Law Revision Acts 295 Amendment of Imperial Act 296 Acts Incorporating Other Statutory Provisions 296 Introduction 296 Unnecessary for Incorporated Act to be in Force for the Incorporating Provision to be Effective 297 Incorporation of Unconstitutional Provisions 297 Date of Effect of Incorporation 298 x Spi-Pearce and Jeddes - Statutory Interpretation in Australia 9th ed Ch.FM.indd x 29/08/2019 01:28:03 PG2658
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