Statistics for the behavioral sciences

754 Pages·2019·40.433 MB·English

by  Gravetter, Frederick J.;Wallnau, Larry B

Edition
10 Statistics for the
Behavioral Sciences
Deborah Batt
©
Frederick J Gravetter
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Larry B. WaLLnau
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to
remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version.
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, © 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning
Tenth Edition
WCn: 02-200-203
Frederick J Gravetter and Larry B. Wallnau
ALL RiGHtS RESERVEd. no part of this work covered by the copyright
Product director: Jon-david Hague herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form
Product Manager: timothy Matray or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
Content developer: Stefanie Chase
distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Product Assistant: Kimiya Hojjat
systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Marketing Manager: Melissa Larmon United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of
Content Project Manager: Michelle Clark the publisher.
Art director: Vernon Boes
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Production Service: Lynn Lustberg,
For permission to use material from this text or product,
MPS Limited
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions
text and Photo Researcher: Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Lumina datamatics [email protected]
Copy Editor: Sara Kreisman
Library of Congress Control number: 2015940372
illustrator: MPS Limited
text and Cover designer: Lisa Henry Student Edition:
iSBn: 978-1-305-50491-2
Cover image: © deborah Batt
“Community 2-1” Loose-leaf Edition:
Compositor: MPS Limited iSBn: 978-1-305-86280-7
Cengage Learning
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in
more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative
at www.cengage.com
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
nelson Education, Ltd.
to learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions,
visit www.cengage.com
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com
Printed in Canada
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015
BRiEF ContEntS
CHAPtER 1 Introduction to Statistics 1
CHAPtER 2 Frequency Distributions 33
CHAPtER 3 Central Tendency 67
CHAPtER 4 Variability 99
CHAPtER 5 z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions 131
CHAPtER 6 Probability 159
CHAPtER 7 Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means 193
CHAPtER 8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 223
CHAPtER 9 Introduction to the t Statistic 267
CHAPtER 10 The t Test for Two Independent Samples 299
CHAPtER 11 The t Test for Two Related Samples 335
CHAPtER 12 Introduction to Analysis of Variance 365
CHAPtER 13 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 413
CHAPtER 14 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance (Independent Measures) 447
CHAPtER 15 Correlation 485
CHAPtER 16 Introduction to Regression 529
CHAPtER 17 The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence 559
CHAPtER 18 The Binomial Test 603
iiiiii

ContEntS
1
C H A P t E R Introduction to Statistics 1
PREVIEW 2
1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations 2
1.2 Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics 10
1.3 Variables and Measurement 18
1.4 Statistical Notation 25
Summary 29
Focus on Problem Solving 30
Demonstration 1.1 30
Problems 31
2
CH A P t ER Frequency Distributions 33
PREVIEW 34
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Frequency Distribution Tables 35
2.2 Grouped Frequency Distribution Tables 38
2.3 Frequency Distribution Graphs 42
2.4 Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation 49
2.5 Stem and Leaf Displays 56
Summary 58
Focus on Problem Solving 59
Demonstration 2.1 60
Demonstration 2.2 61
Problems 62
vv
vi CONTENTS
3
C H A P t ER Central Tendency 67
PREVIEW 68
3.1 Overview 68
3.2 The Mean 70
3.3 The Median 79
3.4 The Mode 83
3.5 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency 86
3.6 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution 92
Summary 94
Focus on Problem Solving 95
Demonstration 3.1 96
Problems 96
4
CHAPtER Variability 99
PREVIEW 100
4.1 Introduction to Variability 101
4.2 Defining Standard Deviation and Variance 103
4.3 Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Population 108
4.4 Measuring Standard Deviation and Variance for a Sample 111
4.5 Sample Variance as an Unbiased Statistic 117
4.6 More about Variance and Standard Deviation 119
Summary 125
Focus on Problem Solving 127
Demonstration 4.1 128
Problems 128
z-Scores: Location of Scores
5
C H A P t E R and Standardized Distributions 131
PREVIEW 132
5.1 Introduction to z-Scores 133
5.2 z-Scores and Locations in a Distribution 135
5.3 Other Relationships Between z, X, 𝛍, and 𝛔 138
CONTENTS vii
5.4 Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution 141
5.5 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores 145
5.6 Computing z-Scores for Samples 148
5.7 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 150
Summary 153
Focus on Problem Solving 154
Demonstration 5.1 155
Demonstration 5.2 155
Problems 156
6
CHAP tER Probability 159
PREVIEW 160
6.1 Introduction to Probability 160
6.2 Probability and the Normal Distribution 165
6.3 Probabilities and Proportions for Scores
from a Normal Distribution 172
6.4 Probability and the Binomial Distribution 179
6.5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 184
Summary 186
Focus on Problem Solving 187
Demonstration 6.1 188
Demonstration 6.2 188
Problems 189
Probability and Samples: The Distribution
7
C H A P t ER of Sample Means 193
PREVIEW 194
7.1 Samples, Populations, and the Distribution
of Sample Means 194
7.2 The Distribution of Sample Means for any Population
and any Sample Size 199
7.3 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means 206
7.4 More about Standard Error 210
7.5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 215
viii CONTENTS
Summary 219
Focus on Problem Solving 219
Demonstration 7.1 220
Problems 221
8
CH A P t ER Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 223
PREVIEW 224
8.1 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 225
8.2 Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing 236
8.3 More about Hypothesis Tests 240
8.4 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests 245
8.5 Concerns about Hypothesis Testing: Measuring Effect Size 250
8.6 Statistical Power 254
Summary 260
Focus on Problem Solving 261
Demonstration 8.1 262
Demonstration 8.2 263
Problems 263
9
CHAP tER Introduction to the t Statistic 267
PREVIEW 268
9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z 268
9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic 274
9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic 279
9.4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests 288
Summary 291
Focus on Problem Solving 293
Demonstration 9.1 293
Demonstration 9.2 294
Problems 295