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(cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) S R TATISTICAL EASONING B S IN THE EHAVIORAL CIENCES (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) S R TATISTICAL EASONING SEVENTH B S EDITION IN THE EHAVIORAL CIENCES Bruce M. King Patrick J. Rosopa Edward W. Minium (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) VicePresidentandDirector GeorgeHoffman EditorialDirector VeronicaVisentin AssistantEditor EthanLipson EditorialAssistant MonicaRogers ContentEnablementManager JudyHowarth ContentManagementDirector LisaWojcik ContentManager NicholeUrban SeniorContentSpecialist NicoleRepasky ProductionEditor KavithaBalashundaram PhotoResearcher BillyRay MarketingManager ChristineKurshner Designer RDCPublishing CoverPhotoCredit ©SergeyNivens/AlamyStockPhoto Thisbookwassetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobalandprintedandboundbyStrategicContentImaging. 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Thesecopiesarelicensedandmaynotbesoldortransferredtoathirdparty.Uponcompletionofthereviewperiod,pleasereturntheevaluationcopyto Wiley.Returninstructionsandafreeofchargereturnshippinglabelareavailableat:www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.Ifyouhavechosentoadoptthis textbookforuseinyourcourse,pleaseacceptthisbookasyourcomplimentarydeskcopy.OutsideoftheUnitedStates,pleasecontactyourlocalsales representative. ISBN:978-1-119-37973-7(PBK) ISBN:978-1-119-37982-9(EVALC) LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Names:King,BruceM.,author.|Rosopa,Patrick,author.|Minium,EdwardW.,1917–author. Title:Statisticalreasoninginthebehavioralsciences/byBruceM.King, PatrickJ.Rosopa,EdwardW.Minium. Description:Seventhedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2018]| Includesindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2017060694(print)|LCCN2018007899(ebook)|ISBN9781119379904(pdf)| ISBN9781119379881(epub)|ISBN9781119379737(pbk.) Subjects:LCSH:Psychometrics.|Educationalstatistics. Classification:LCCBF39(ebook)|LCCBF39.K532018(print)| DDC300.72/7—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017060694 Theinsidebackcoverwillcontainprintingidentificationandcountryoforiginifomittedfromthispage.Inaddition,iftheISBNonthebackcover differsfromtheISBNonthispage,theoneonthebackcoveriscorrect. (cid:2) (cid:2) ToStudentsWhoWanttoLearnandInstructorsWhoLiketoTeach (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) P REFACE StatisticalReasoningintheBehavioralSciencesisemphaticallyconcernedwithstudents’under- standingofstatisticallogicandprocedures,aswellasanunderstandingofwhathappenswhen thestrictrequirementsofstatisticaltheorymeetthecircumstancesofreal-worlddata.Regardless of one’s academic field, it is important that students understand the interplay between statisti- calquestionsandanswersandresearchquestionsandanswerssothatstudentsseethatstatistics really has significance for their discipline. Thus, throughout the text, we interweave aspects of experimentaldesignwiththestatisticaltopicstowhichtheyarecloselyrelated.Wetrytobeespe- ciallyclearonthosepointsininferentialstatisticsthattendtobestumblingblocks.Atthesame time,wegivefulltreatmentinthefirsthalfofthetexttodescriptivestatisticsinthebeliefthat onceinferenceisdone,onemustreturntothedescriptivemeasurestoassessthemeaningofthe inquiry;bothconceptsmustbefullyunderstood. Thefourth,fifth,andsixtheditionsofStatisticalReasoningfollowedtherecommendationsof theAPATaskForceonStatisticalInference(Wilkinsonetal.,1999)andwecontinuetodosoin theseventhedition.Thisincludesgreateremphasisoneffectsize,power,andconfidenceintervals. Beginning with Chapter 14, measures of effect size (both d family and r family measures) are (cid:2) integratedwiththematerialonhypothesistesting. (cid:2) The text should serve very well for a one-semester course. Even so, there is more material thancanbecoveredinmostone-quarterorone-semestercourses.TheInstructor’sManualoffers suggestionsforadaptingthebooktoparticularneeds. Features New to the Seventh Edition Inmanyintroductorycourses,instructorsrequirethatstudentslearnhowtousecomputerstowork statisticalproblems.Thus,startingwiththesixtheditionandcontinuingwiththeseventhedition, we have added instructions for the use of the statistical software package SPSS. Step-by-step instructions are provided as well as numerous screen shots so that students may easily use the software.Wehavealsomadeanattempttoupdatesomeoftheexampleandend-of-chapterprob- lems in the textbook. In addition, we have also added various photos to the textbook to further engage students and enhance learning. A main organizational change was splitting Chapter 12 from the sixth edition into two chapters for the seventh edition. Specifically, Chapter 12 now focusesprimarilyontheonesampleztestwhilethenewChapter13developsunderstandingof theonesamplettest.Wefeltthatseparatingthematerialintotwochapterscanmakethematerial easiertoteachandeasierforstudentstosynthesize.Thechapteronchi-squarestillappearsafter thechaptersonANOVAinordernottointerruptthepresentationofstatisticalmethodsusedwith quantitativevariables(fromthesingle-samplettestthroughANOVA). Althoughwedemonstratehowtouseapowerful,user-friendlysoftwarepackage,itisimpor- tanttohighlightthatwedonotsacrificeanyofthematerialdealingwiththeconceptualunder- standing of a statistical procedure. For example, after thoroughly describing the logic behind a procedure, we complete a problem step-by-step using raw data and formulas, followed by an interpretationoftheresults.Onlyafteradequateconceptualcoverageandacompleteexampledo wedemonstratehowtouseSPSS(i.e.,enteringdata,navigatingmenus,andusingdialogboxes) vii (cid:2) (cid:2) viii PREFACE toobtainthesameresultsinseconds.ForinstructorswhoprefernottocoverSPSS,thesesections canbeskippedwithoutdisruptingthecontinuityofachapter. Pedagogy StatisticalReasoningintheBehavioralSciencesincludesthefollowingpedagogicalfeatures: • learningobjectivesatthebeginningofeachchapter, • asummaryattheendofeachchaptertoreinforcewhathasbeenpresented, • keytermsandconceptsthatareboldfacedattheirfirstoccurrenceineachchapterandlisted againforreviewattheendofeachchapter, • the presentation of definitions, symbols, and equations in the margins of the text so that the studentmayeasilyidentifyimportantnewmaterial, • specialboxedsectionscalledPointsofControversythatintroducestudentstotopicaland/or currentissuestoletthemseethatstatisticsisanevolving,vitalareaofinquiry,and • reviewofbasicmathematicalpropositionsinanappendix. Some texts present chapters on correlation and regression after the chapters on hypothesis testing.However,wefirmlybelievethatthematerialoncorrelationshouldcomefirstsothatwe maymorefullydevelopthematerialondependent-groupsdesignsandtherfamilyofmeasures ofeffectsize. Finally, many students who enroll in introductory statistics do so with great anxiety. Many (cid:2) statistics textbooks can be written in a very formal and stodgy style and some lack any visual (cid:2) materialotherthangraphsoffrequencydistributionsandmathematicaltablesandformulas.With an emphasis on statistical reasoning, our user-friendly textbook continues to be written in an informal,conversationalstyle.Weincludeafewcarefullychosenmathematicalcartoonsandpho- tographswitheducationalcaptionswithhopesthattheywillmakeusingthebookmoreenjoyable andlessfrighteningtostudents. Homework and Test Problems/Instructor’s Manual Therearenumerousproblemsattheendofeachchapter.Somegivepracticeinproblem-solving technique;othersrequiretheuseofcriticaljudgment.Answerstotheodd-numberedproblemsare inanappendixattheendofthetext.Answerstotheeven-numberedproblemsareintheInstruc- tor’s Manual so that instructors may assign the problems as homework or in-class exercises. TheInstructor’sManualalsocontainsover700additionalquestions.Theyincludeseveralhun- dredmultiple-choicequestionsforquizzesandseveraldatasetsineachchapterappropriatefor examinations. TheInstructor’sManualisavailabletoinstructorsatwww.wiley.com/college/king. Acknowledgments Manyreviewers,mentors,colleagues,friends,andfamilymembershelpeddevelopthetext.To them we extend our lasting gratitude for debts that can never be fully repaid. In particular, we thank Ed Minium, who was sole author on this book when it was first published in 1970. His visionandunderstandingofstatisticshaveguideduseversince.BruceKingthankshiswife,Gail, forhersupportduringtheseeminglynever-endingtimetheyjuggledthedemandsofauthorship, teaching, and research. Patrick Rosopa would like to thank his wife,Melodee, for her patience andsupport.Hewouldalsoliketoacknowledgehisdaughters,ElenahandCecilia,whoselove (cid:2)