Starch-based polymeric materials and nanocomposites : chemistry, processing, and applications

410 Pages·54.93 MB·English

by  Jasim Ahmed, et al

Starch-Based Polymeric
Materials
and
Nanocomposites
Chemistry, Processing, and Applications
Edited by
Jasim Ahmed
Brijesh K. Tiwari
Syed H. Imam
M.A. Rao
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20120224
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Editors................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.......................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter.1
Introduction:.Starch.as.Biopolymer.and.Nanocomposite...................................................................1
Jasim Ahmed, Brijesh K. Tiwari, Syed H. Imam, and M.A. Rao
Chapter.2
Starch:.Chemistry,.Microstructure,.Processing,.and.Enzymatic.Degradation...................................5
Syed H. Imam, Delilah F. Wood, Mohamed A. Abdelwahab, Bor-Sen Chiou,
Tina G. Williams, Gregory M. Glenn, and William J. Orts
Chapter.3
Starch.as.Gelling.Agent....................................................................................................................33
Thava Vasanthan, Jihong Li, David Bressler, and Ratnajothi Hoover
Chapter.4
Plasticized.Starch..............................................................................................................................69
Xiaofei Ma, Peter R. Chang, and Jiugao Yu
Chapter.5
Rheological.and.Thermal.Properties.of.Starch.and.Starch-Based.Biopolymers..............................85
M.A. Rao, Jirarat Tattiyakul, and Hung-Ju Liao
Chapter.6
Modification.of.Biodegradable.Polymers.through.Reactive.Extrusion-I........................................101
I. Moura and A.V. Machado
Chapter.7
Modification.of.Biodegradable.Polymers.through.Reactive.Extrusion-II......................................133
Sathya B. Kalambur
Chapter.8
Starch-Derived.Cyclodextrins.and.Their.Future.in.the.Food.Biopolymer.Industry.......................167
C. González-Barreiro, R. Rial-Otero, J. Simal-Gándara, G. Astray,
A. Cid, J.C. Mejuto, J.A. Manso, and J. Morales
iii
iv Contents
Chapter.9
Functional.and.Physicochemical.Properties.of.Cyclodextrins.......................................................183
Jun Zhao and Shan-Jing Yao
Chapter.10
Introduction.of.Starch.into.Plastic.Films:.Advent.of.Starch.in.Plastics.........................................231
R.E. Harry-O’kuru and Sherald H. Gordon
Chapter.11
Starch-Based.Edible.Films.and.Coatings.......................................................................................239
Mahesh Gupta, Charles Brennan, and Brijesh K. Tiwari
Chapter.12
Starch.as.a.Feedstock.for.Bioproducts.and.Packaging...................................................................255
Gregory M. Glenn, Syed H. Imam, William J. Orts, and Kevin Holtman
Chapter.13
Chemometric.Analysis.of.Multicomponent.Biodegradable.Plastics.by.
Fourier.Transform.Infrared.Spectrometry:.The.R-Matrix.Method................................................271
Sherald H. Gordon
Chapter.14
Starch.Polymer.as.Advanced.Material.for.Industrial.and.Consumer.Products..............................287
Randal L. Shogren
Chapter.15
Recent.Progress.in.Starch-Based.Biodegradable.Hybrids.and.Nanomaterials..............................301
Peter R. Chang, Xiaofei Ma, Debbie P. Anderson, and Jiugao Yu
Chapter.16
Mechanical,.Rheological,.and.Thermal.Properties.of.Starch-Based.Nanocomposites..................325
Jasim Ahmed
Chapter.17
Starch.Nanocomposites.and.Nanoparticles:.Biomedical.Applications...........................................361
Anitha R. Dudhani
Contents v
Chapter.18
Application.of.Life.Cycle.Assessment.for.Starch.and.Starch.Blends.............................................373
Ali Abas Wani and Preeti Singh

Preface
Biodegradable.polymers.from.renewable.resources.have.attracted.much.attention.in.recent.years..
Starch.has.been.considered.as.one.of.the.most.promising.candidates.among.biopolymers.mainly.
because.of.its.attractive.combination.of.availability.and.price..Starch.is.unique.in.its.applica-
tion.and.versatility..In.addition.to.its.contribution.to.processing.industries,.research.on.starch.is.
currently.more.focused.on.the.development.of.biodegradable.packaging.materials.and.the.syn-
thesis.of.starch.derivatives,.bionanoparticles,.and.bionanocomposites..In.order.to.extend.applica-
tions.of.starch.as.primary.packaging.materials,.current.research.has.focused.on.starch.blends,.
especially.starch/polyester.(e.g.,.polylactides.[PLA],.polycaprolactone.[PCL],.and.polybutylene.
succinate.[PBS]).biodegradable.blends..However,.starch/polyester.blends.are.not.compatible.for.
blending.and,.therefore,.a.reactive.compatibilization.process.known.as.reactive.extrusion.is.used.
to.synthesize.starch/polyester.blends.at.high.starch.levels.(>20.wt%)..The.process.can.also.be.
expanded.to.plasticized.starch.and.nanocomposites.by.incorporating.nanoparticles.in.the.blend..
Such.nanocomposites.exhibit.improved.mechanical.strength,.solvent.and.UV.resistance,.gas.bar-
rier.properties,.thermal.stability,.and.flame.retardancy.as.compared.to.conventional.composites..
Rheological.and.mechanical.properties.during.plasticization.and.nanocomposite.formation.pro-
vide.a.better.understanding.of.structural.modification.and.degree.of.dispersions.of.nanoparticles.
into.biopolymers.
The.starch.industry.is.one.the.largest.manufacturing.industries,.and.the.significant.contribution.
of.food.professionals.to.the.industry.is.well.recognized..A.professional.food/starch.scientist.should.
be.aware.of.the.latest.developments.in.starch.chemistry,.rheology,.starch.derivatives,.starch-based.
nanocomposites,.and.their.applications..Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites:
Chemistry, Processing and Applications.has.been.written.primarily.to.fulfill.those.expectations.and.
is.intended.for.students.undertaking.graduate.courses.in.food.science,.food.technology,.biotechnol-
ogy,.human.nutrition,.and.related.areas..The.book.has.particular.relevance.to.students’.understand-
ing.of.starch.from.basics.to.applications.as.well.as.for.their.future.professions..It.should.also.be.of.
interest.to.graduates.of.other.disciplines.who.are.working.in.starch-related.industries.
The.chapters.in.this.book.have.been.contributed.by.leading.experts.who.have.both.academic.and.
professional.credentials..We.are.thankful.to.our.contributors.for.their.wonderful.cooperation.and,.
finally,.we.are.indebted.to.our.families.for.their.continued.support.throughout.the.project..It.is.worth.
mentioning.that.there.was.an.excellent.coordination.among.editors.that.resulted.in.delivering.the.
book.on.time..Our.special.thanks.to.Steve.Zollo,.Senior.Editor.of.Taylor.&.Francis,.for.his.constant.
encouragement.and.excellent.communication.
vii

Editors
Dr. Jasim Ahmed.has.been.associated.with.food.processing.teaching,.research,.and.industry.in.
India,.Canada,.and.the.Middle.East.for.about.two.decades..He.is.mostly.involved.in.research.areas.
on.food.product.development,.food.rheology.and.structure,.novel.food.processing,.and.the.thermal.
behavior.of.foods..His.current.research.focus.is.on.bionanocomposites.and.application.to.food.pack-
aging..Dr..Ahmed.recently.moved.to.the.Kuwait.Institute.for.Scientific.Research,.Kuwait.as.research.
scientist.to.develop.the.Food.Processing.Program..He.has.published.92.peer-reviewed.research.
papers.and.21.book.chapters..Dr..Ahmed.is.coeditor.of.four.books.including.Novel Food Processing:
Effects on Rheological and Functional Properties.(CRC.Press.Publication).and.Handbook of Food
Process Design.(Wiley-Blackwell)..Dr..Ahmed.is.one.of.the.editors.of.the.International Journal of
Food Properties.
Dr. Brijesh K. Tiwari.is.a.lecturer.in.food.engineering.at.Manchester.Metropolitan.University.
(MMU),.United.Kingdom,.and.a.senior.consultant.at.Manchester.Food.Research.Centre,.United.
Kingdom..Prior.to.joining.MMU,.he.was.a.lecturer.in.biosystems.engineering.at.University.College.
Dublin,.Ireland..Dr..Tiwari.served.the.Indian.Institute.of.Crop.Processing.Technology.as.a.research.
scientist.(2004–2006),.where.he.was.actively.involved.in.developing.a.research.portfolio.in.grain.
processing..He.was.also.responsible.for.numerous.consultancy.assignments,.technology.transfer.
projects,.and.the.management.of.a.number.of.industry-focused.research.projects..His.main.research.
accomplishments.are.in.the.areas.of.novel.food.processing.and.preservation.technologies,.grain.
processing,.and.mathematical.modeling.of.food.processes..To.date.he.has.contributed.about.50.peer-
reviewed.Science.Citation.Index–listed.journal.publications.and.20.chapters.published.in.books.by.
leading.publishers;.he.has.also.presented.over.30.refereed.conference.papers.at.key.international.
research.conferences..Dr..Tiwari.is.a.coeditor.of.four.books:.Pulse Foods: Quality, Technology, and
Nutraceutical Application.(Elsevier);.Ozone in Food Processing.(Wiley-Blackwell,.in.development);.
Novel Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies for Fluid Foods.(Elsevier);.and.the.Handbook of
Phytochemicals: Sources, Stability and Extraction.(Wiley-Blackwell)..He.is.also.the.book.series.
editor.for.IFST.Food.Processing.Technology.
Dr. Syed H. Imam.is.a.senior.research.chemist.at.the.United.States.Department.of.Agriculture,.
Albany..He.conducts.research.to.enhance.the.utilization.of.agriculturally.derived.renewable.polymers.
for.nonfood.applications.as.an.alternative.to.petroleum.chemicals.and.provides.fundamental.knowl-
edge.in.the.development.of.polymer-based.materials.of.tailored.properties..With.over.25.years.of.
research.experience,.Dr..Imam.is.internationally.recognized.for.his.accomplishments.and.contribu-
tions.in.the.field..He.has.authored.or.coauthored.over.130.publications.in.peer-reviewed.professional.
journals,.delivered.over.180.invited.talks.at.national.and.international.meetings,.and.has.numerous.
patents.to.his.credit..He.has.served.on.the.ASTM-D20.Committee.on.Biodegradable.Polymers.
and.currently.serves.as.a.U.S..representative.on.the.UNIDO–ICS.Expert.Panel.on.Biodegradable.
Polymers.and.Materials..He.is.a.member.of.the.editorial.boards.of.the.Journal of Polymers and
the Environment.and.the.International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology.and.serves.as.
an.associate.editor.of.the.Journal of Bioenergy and Biomaterials..He.is.a.chief.editor.of.the.ACS.
book.titled.Biopolymers: Natures Advanced Materials.published.in.1998.by.the.Oxford.University.
Press..He.is.also.a.coeditor.of.another.book.titled.Produce Degradation: Reaction Pathways and
Prevention.published.in.2005.by.CRC.Press.
Dr. M.A. Rao.is.an.emeritus.professor.at.Cornell.University,.Geneva,.New.York..His.main.research.
interest.is.in.rheological.properties.of.foods:.principles,.measurement,.and.applications..He.is.a.
fellow.of.the.Institute.of.Food.Technologists,.the.Association.of.Food.Scientists.and.Technologists.
ix
x editors
(India),.and.the.International.Academy.of.Food.Science.and.Technology..He.was.conferred.the.
Lifetime.Achievement.Award.by.the.International.Association.of.Engineering.and.Food.in.2011,.
the.Scott.Blair.Award.for.his.contributions.to.food.rheology.by.the.American.Association.of.Cereal.
Chemists.in.2000,.and.an.honorary.membership.by.the.Brazilian.Association.of.Rheology.in.2011..
He.has.also.been.chosen.as.a.distinguished.food.engineer.by.the.Food.Process.Engineering.Institute.
of.the.American.Society.of.Agricultural.Engineers.in.2003..Dr..Rao.was.awarded.Fulbright–Hays.
senior.scholarships.to.Brazil,.1980–1981,.and.to.Portugal,.1988–1989..He.has.contributed.about.
250.journal.papers.and.book.chapters.on.food.rheology.and.food.engineering..He.is.the.editor.
of.the.book.Rheology of Fluid and Semisolid Foods: Principles and Applications,.second.edi-
tion,.Springer,.New.York,.2007,.and.a.coeditor.of.Engineering Properties of Foods,.third.edition,.
Taylor.&.Francis,.Boca.Raton,.Florida,.2005..He.is.also.a.scientific.editor.of.the.Food.Engineering.
and.Physical.Properties.section.of.the.Journal of Food Science.