Squeezed and Nonclassical Light

329 Pages·1989·37.73 MB·English

by  D. F. Walls

Squeezed and
Nonclassical Light
NATO ASI Series
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Series B: Physics
Squeezed and
Nonclassical Light
Edited by
P. Tombesi
La Sapienza University
Rome, ltaly
and
E. R. Pike
Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
Great Malvern, United Kingdom
and
King's College
London, United Kingdom
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop
on Squeezed and Non-Ciassical Light,
held January 25-29, 1988,
in Cortina d' Ampezzo, ltaly
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Squeezed and Non-classical Light (1988:
Cortina d'Ampezzo, ltaly)
Squeezed and nonclassicallight I edited by P. Tombesi and E. R. Pike.
p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v. 190)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Squeezed and Non
classical Light, held January 25-29, 1988, in Cortina d'Ampezzo, ltaly"-T.p.
verso.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
lncludes bibliographies and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-6576-2 ISBN 978-1-4757-6574-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6574-8
1. Quantum optics-Congresses. 2. Light sources-Congresses. 3. Electric
discharge lighting-Congresses. I. Tombesi, P. (Paolo) II. Pike, E. R. (Edward
Roy), 1929- . 111. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Divi
sion. IV. Title. V. Title: Squeezed and non-classicallight. VI. Series.
QC446.15.N38 1988 88-29431
535-dc19 CIP
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1989
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
ORGANIZING COMMITIEE
P. Tombesi University ofRome "La Sapienza"
E.R. Pike King's College London
H. Yuen Northwestern University
D. Walls University of Auckland
R. Slusher AT& T Bell Laboratories
INVITED SPEAKERS
G.S.Agarwal University of Hyderabad, Irrdia
G.Bjork The Royal Institute ofTechnology, Sweden
R.K.Bullough The University of Manchester, U.K.
C.M.Caves University of Southern California, U.S.A.
F.De Martini University ofRome "La Sapienza", Italy
R.Glauber Harvard University, U.S.A.
R.Graham Universität-Gesamthochschule Essen, W. Germany
P.Grangier Institut d'Optique, France
J. Kimble The University ofTexas at Austin, U.S.A.
P.Kumar Northwestern University, U.S.A.
G.Leuchs Max-Planch-Institut fur Quantenoptik, W. Germany
M.Lewenstein Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
L.Lugiato Politecnico di Torino, Italy
P.Meystre University of Arizona, U.S.A.
G.J.Milburn Australian National University, Australia
M.Ozawa Nagoya University, Japan
M.Rasetti Politecnico di Torino, Italy
W.Schleich Max-Planck Institut fur Quantenoptik, W. Germany
B.Yurke AT&T Bell Laboratories, U.S.A.
V
PREFACE
The recent generation in the laboratory of phase squeezed and intensity squeezed light
beams has brought to fruition the theoretical predictions of such non-classical phenomena
which have been made and developed in recent years by a number of workers in the field
of quantum optics. A vigorous development is now underway of both theory and
experiment and the first measurements have been coi:Jfirmed and extended already in some
half dozen laboratories.
Although the fields of application of these novellight sources are as yet somewhat hazy
in our minds and some inspired thinking is required along these lines, the pace and
excitement of the research is very clear. It is to he hoped that the new possibilities of:
making measurements below the quantum shot noise lirnit which is made possible by these
squeezed states of light willlead to further fundamental advances in the near future.
In this NATO ARW a number of the leaders in the field met in the extremely pleasant
surroundings of Cortina d'Ampezzo and their contributions are recorded in this volume.
The meeting was held at the Istituto d'Arte which was enjoying its lOOth anniversary
celebrations. This ARW was preceeded by an ONR Special Seminar on "Photons and
Quantum Fluctuations", the proceedings of which will be published by Adam Hilger Ltd.
The timeliness of the meeting was acknowledged by the support of the NATO Scientific
Affairs Division which we would like to acknowledge on behalf of all the participants.
We would also like to acknowledge additional financial assistance provided by
Ministere Pubblica Istruzione, Consiglio Nazianale delle Ricerche (CNR), Gruppo
Nazianale di Struttura della Materia (CNR) and local sponsorship from Olivetti Spa,
Consorzio per lo Sviluppo e Turismo di Cortina d'Ampezzo, Municipio di Cortina
d'Ampezzo, Istituto Statale d'Arte and Hotel Europa. Particular thanks are due to Dr. Dick
Slusher, Professor Danny Walls and Professor Horace Yuen for assistance in organising
the meeting, and also special thanks are due to Professor M. Spampani, Mr. G.Milani,
Ing. E.Cardazzi, Professor G: Demenego, Mr. E.Demenego and, in particular, Professor
G. Olivieri.
W e have had full collaboration from Plenum Press in the publication of this volume,
and the success of the meeting and the not inconsiderable work before and afterwards owes
much to our uncomplaining secretaries Angela Di Silvestro, Marcella Mastrofini and
Beverley James.
RoyPike
Paolo Tombesi
June 1988
vii
CONTENTS
Quantum Noise Reduction in Optical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
D.F.Walls, P.D.Drummond, A.S.Lane, M.A.Marte, M.D.Reid, H.Ritsch
Laser Stabilization Using Squeezed Light ............................. 29
C.M.Caves
Pulsed Squeezed Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
R.E.Slusher, A.LaPorta, P.Grangier and B.Yurke
Quantum Fluctuations in Optical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
H.J.Kimble
Squeezing Thermal Microwave Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
B.Yurke, P.G.Kaminsky, E.A.Whittaker, A.D.Smith, A.H.Silver
and R.W.Simon
Classical and Quantum Statistics in Partition of Highly Degenerate Light . . . . . . . . . 73
F. De Martini
Giant Quantum Oscillators from Rydberg Atoms: Atomic Coherent States and their
Squeezing from Rydberg Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
R.K. Bullough, G.S.Agarwal, B.M.Garraway, S.S.Hassan, G.P.Hildred,
S.V.Lawande, N.Nayak, R.R.Puri, B.V.Thompson, J.Timonen
and M.R.B.Wahiddin
Quantum Statistical Properties of Strongly Driven Atoms Coupled to
Frequency-Dependent Reservoirs ............................. 107
M.Lewenstein, T.W.Mossberg
Generation and Detection of Subpoissonian Fields in Micromasers.. . . . . . . . . . . 115
P.Meystre
Phase Space, Correspondence Principle and Dynamical Phases: Photon Count
Probabilities of Coherent and Squeezed States via Interfering Areas
in Phase Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
W.P.Schleich
The Effect of Measurement on Interference in Phase-Space 151
G.J.Milburn
Squeezing in Optical Bistability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
L.A.Lugiato, M.Vadacchino and F.Castelli
Squeezed-Light Generation in Optical Waveguides 175
P.Kumar
ix
Generation of Number-Phase Squeezed States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
G.Björk, O.Nilsson,Y.Yamamoto and S.Machida
Quantum Optics of Dielectric Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
R.J.Glauber and M.Lewenstein
Gravitational Wave Detection and Quantum Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
G.Leuchs
Subharmonie Generation and Squeezing in a Damped Oscillator............. 217
R.Graham
Mechanisms for the Generation of Nonclassical Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
G.S.Agarwal
Interferometric Measurements Beyond the Shot-Noise Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
P.Grangier, R.E.Slusher, B.Yurke and A.La Porta
Realization of Measurement and the Standard Quantum Limit 263
M.Ozawa
The Correlated Spontaneous Emission Laser:
Theory and Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
M.Orszag, J.Bergou, W.Schleich and M.O.Scully
Multiphoton and Fractional-photon Squeezed States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
G.M.D'Ariano, M.G.Rasetti, J.Katriel and A.I.Solomon
Squeezing in Fourth-Order Parametrie Downconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
A.Mecozzi and P.Tombesi
Group photo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Index.................................................... 333
X
QUANTUM NOISE REDUCTION IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS
D.F. Walls and P.D. Drummond, A.S. Lane, M.A. Marte, M.D. Reid,
and H. Ritsch***
Physics Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Physics Department, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New zealand
Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck
Innsbruck, Austria
1. INTRODUCTION
There is considerable activity in the generation of light fields with
less quantum fluctuations than a coherent field, for example squeezed or
sub-Poissonian light. '1-3) With such light, it is possible to beat the usual
shot noise limit which leads to an enhanced sensitivity in many optical
measurements. Such sensitivity is required in measurements such as the
detection of gravitational radiation by optical interferometry where the
signal is comparable to the quantum noise.
Squeezed states of light have now been produced by four wave mixing in
atomic vapours '4' Sl and optical fibres (G) and in optical parametric
oscillation.Pl Sub-Poissonian light has been produced in resonance
fluorescence (S) and parametric down conversion. (9) In this paper we consider
two systems: the parametric oscillator, and lasers driven with squeezed pumps.
In a parametric down conversion process a pump photon produces a pair of
correlated signal and idler photons. '10'11) In the parametric oscillator there
is a streng correlation between the intensities and phases of the signal and
idler beam. Reynaud et al. '12' 13) have shown that the spectrum of fluctuations
in the difference of the signal and idler intensities is reduced to zero in an
ideal situation with equal cavity decay rates and no losses. In this paper we
wish to consider the non-ideal situation where the cavity decay rates are
unequal and losses are present in the cavity. Reduced intensity fluctuations
below the vacuum level have recently been seen experimentally by Heidmann
et al. '29)
We also consider a new feature of the nondegenerate parametric
oscillator. This is the correlation of the phases in the above threshold
signal and idler beams. These are correlated in a nonclassical way, just as
are the intensities. The correlations are unusual in that neither phase is
stable, owing to an overall phase diffusion in the output. Thus the signal and
idler phases have a correlated phase diffusion, in which the phase sum is
stable but the phase difference is random. Our analysis also predicts
E.P.R.-type behaviour in quantum measurements on the output fields.
All the systems used to produce squeezed states of light have been
passive systems. In an active system, such as a laser, the noise from the