SPSS Statistics Version 22: A Practical Guide

326 Pages·2014·33.788 MB·English

by  Brody Heritage

SPSS STATISTICS
VERSION 22
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
PETER ALLEN
KELLIE BENNETT
BRODY HERITAGE
allen_bennett_sb_48973_cvr.indd 1 17/03/14 1:56 PM
Do you want to …
(a). Compare Samples?

Number DV(s) Number of No of Are the Samples Covariates Test Chapter
of DVs Data Type IVs Samples Independent or Related? (& Section)

1 (Compared to a 0 One Sample t Test 4
predetermined value)
0 Independent Samples t Test 5
Independent
1 2 1+ One-Way ANCOVA 10
Related 0 Paired Samples t Test 6
0 One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7
Independent
3+ 1+ One-Way ANCOVA 10
Scalea
Related 0 One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA 9
0 Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 8
Independent
b 1+ Tested through GLM (General Linear Model)
Univariate and Repeated Measures. Refer to
2+ Related Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) for advanced ANOVA
models.

Mixed 0 Mixed Model ANOVAc 9

1 (Compared to predetermined
category membership frequencies) Chi-Square (χ2) for Goodness of Fit 17 (17.2)

Independent Mann-Whitney U Test 17 (17.4)
1 Ordinal 1 2
Related Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 17 (17.6)

Independent Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 17 (17.7)
3+
Related Friedman Two-Way ANOVA 17 (17.9)

1 (Compared to predetermined
category membership frequencies) Chi-Square (χ2) for Goodness of Fit 17 (17.2)
Independent Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies 17 (17.3)
Nominal 1 2
Related McNemar Test of Change 17 (17.5)
Independent Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies 17 (17.3)
3+
Related Cochran’s Q Test 17 (17.8)

0 MANOVA 11
Independent
1+ For designs with covariates, repeated measures,
1
and factorial designs, refer to Tabachnick and
Scale Related Fidell (2007). Alternatively, consider treating each
DV separately, and using tests suitable for Number
2+
2+ of DV(s) = 1.
Ordinal Consider each DV separately, and use tests
suitable for Number of DV(s) = 1.
Nominal

(b). Analyse Relationships Between Variables?

Number of Criterion Number of Predictor(s) Covariates Test Chapter
Criterion Variable(s) Predictors Data Type (Control (& Section)
Variables (DVs) Data Type (IVs) Variables)

0 Pearson’s r 12 (12.3)
1 Scale
1+ Partial Correlation (r) 12 (12.4)
Scale
0 Standard Multiple Regression 13 (13.3)
1+
1+ Hierarchical Multiple Regression 13 (13.4)

1 Ordinal 1 ≥d Ordinal Spearman’s Rho (or Kendall’s Tau-B) 17 (17.11)

1 ≥ Nominal 0 Cramer’s V 17 (17.10)
Nominale

1+ ≥ Nominal 0+ Binary Logistic Regression 14

(c). Examine the Underlying Structure or Reliability of Measures?

Purpose Test Chapter
(& Section)
Structure (To reduce a large number of

items/variables down to a much smaller set Factor Analysis (PAF) 15
of factors.)
Internal consistency Cronbach’s Alpha 16 (16.2)

Reliability Inter-rater Cohen’s Kappa 16 (16.3)

Test-retest Pearson’s rf 12 (12.3)
Notes. a Interval or ratio. b A dashed arrow indicates that you are travelling down a path not covered in this text. c In this text, we only consider a 2 x 2
design. For more complex designs, refer to Tabachnick and Fidell (2007). d Greater than or equal to, in terms of measurement sophistication. So ≥
ordinal means ordinal or scale; ≥ nominal means nominal or ordinal or scale. e Nominal-level criterion variables used in logistic regression must be
dichotomous. f Assumes scale data.
allen_bennett_sb_48973_cvr.indd 2 17/03/14 1:56 PM
SPSS STATISTICS
VERSION 22
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
PETER ALLEN
KELLIE BENNETT
BRODY HERITAGE
allen_bennett_sb_48973_titlepage.indd 1 10/04/14 9:53 AM
SPSS Statistics Version 22: A practical guide © 2014 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
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Table of Contents

Preface ..................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ............................................................................... xiv
Providing Feedback .............................................................................. xiv
About the Authors ................................................................................. xiv

Chapter 1: Getting Started With SPSS Statistics ................................... 1
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. SPSS Statistics Data Editor ........................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Data View ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2. Variable View ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Creating a Data File ..................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 6

Chapter 2: Working With Data ................................................................. 7
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Compute .................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Illustrated Example .............................................................................................. 8
2.3. Recode ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 10
2.4. Missing Value Analysis ............................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 12
2.5. Split File................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 14
2.6. Select Cases ............................................................................................................. 17
2.6.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 17
2.7. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 18

Chapter 3: Summarising and Displaying Data ..................................... 19
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19
3.2. Frequencies .............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 20
3.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 22
3.2.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Viewer.......................................................................... 23
3.3. Descriptives.............................................................................................................. 24
3.3.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 24
3.3.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 24
3.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 25
3.4. Explore .................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 26
3.4.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 26
3.4.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 28
3.4.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Chart Editor .................................................................. 30
3.5. Chart Builder ............................................................................................................ 31
3.5.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 31
3.6. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 32
iv SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
Chapter 4: One Sample t Test ............................................................... 33
4.1. Purpose of the One Sample t Test................................................................................ 33
4.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One Sample t Test ............................................. 33
4.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 34
4.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 35
4.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 36
4.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 36
4.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 36
4.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 38
4.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ................................... 40
4.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ........................................ 41
4.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 41
4.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 41
4.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 42
4.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 42
4.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 42
4.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 43
4.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ................................................ 44
4.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 44
4.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 44
4.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 45
4.5. One Sample t Test Checklist ....................................................................................... 45

Chapter 5: Independent Samples t Test ............................................... 47
5.1. Purpose of the Independent Samples t Test .................................................................. 47
5.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Independent Samples t Test ................................. 47
5.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 48
5.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 49
5.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 50
5.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 50
5.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 50
5.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 52
5.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test)...... 53
5.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test) .......... 54
5.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 54
5.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 54
5.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 56
5.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 56
5.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 57
5.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 58
5.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test) .................. 59
5.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 59
5.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 59
5.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 60
5.5. Independent Samples t Test Checklist .......................................................................... 60

Chapter 6: Paired Samples t Test ......................................................... 61
6.1. Purpose of the Paired Samples t Test ........................................................................... 61
6.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Paired Samples t Test .......................................... 61
6.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 62
6.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 63
6.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 63
6.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 63
6.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores)
........................................................................................................................... 64
6.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores) .. 66
6.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ............................... 67
6.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ................................... 68
6.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 69
6.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 69
6.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 70
6.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 70
6.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 70
6.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores) .......... 71
Contents v
6.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ........................................... 72
6.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 73
6.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 73
6.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 74
6.5. Paired Samples t Test Checklist................................................................................... 74

Chapter 7: One-Way Between Groups ANOVA .................................... 75
7.1. Purpose of the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA.......................................................... 75
7.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA ........................ 75
7.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 76
7.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 77
7.3.2. Analysing the Data ............................................................................................ 78
7.3.2.1. Assumptions ............................................................................................. 78
7.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................... 79
7.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 80
7.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ... 81
7.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ........ 82
7.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 84
7.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 84
7.3.3.1.1. Effect Size Calculations for the Omnibus ANOVA .................................... 84
7.3.3.1.2. Effect Size Calculations for the Contrasts and Comparisons ..................... 85
7.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 86
7.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 87
7.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 87
7.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 88
7.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ................ 89
7.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 89
7.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 89
7.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 90
7.5. One-Way Between Groups ANOVA Checklist ................................................................. 90

Chapter 8: Factorial Between Groups ANOVA .................................... 91
8.1. Purpose of the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA........................................................... 91
8.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA ......................... 91
8.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 92
8.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 93
8.3.2. Analysing the Data ............................................................................................ 94
8.3.2.1. Assumptions ............................................................................................. 94
8.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................... 94
8.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 96
8.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ... 97
8.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ...... 100
8.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses .......................................................................................... 101
8.3.3.1. Simple Effects and Comparisons ................................................................ 101
8.3.3.2. Effect Size (Omega-Squared) .................................................................... 102
8.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 104
8.4. Illustrated Example Two ........................................................................................... 105
8.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output ..................................................................................... 106
8.4.2. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 107
8.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 108
8.6. Factorial Between Groups ANOVA Checklist ................................................................ 108

Chapter 9: One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model
ANOVA .................................................................................................. 109
9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 109
9.2. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA ........................................................................ 109
9.3. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA .................. 109
9.4. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................. 110
9.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................. 111
9.4.2. Analysing the Data .......................................................................................... 111
9.4.2.1. Assumptions ........................................................................................... 111
9.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................. 112
vi SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
9.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................. 113
9.4.2.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
and the ANOVA)................................................................................................... 114
9.4.2.5. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
and the ANOVA)................................................................................................... 116
9.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 118
9.5. Mixed Model ANOVA ................................................................................................ 119
9.6. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mixed Model ANOVA .......................................... 119
9.7. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................. 119
9.7.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................. 120
9.7.2. Analysing the Data........................................................................................... 121
9.7.2.1. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, and
the Mixed Model ANOVA) ...................................................................................... 121
9.7.2.2. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, and the
Mixed Model ANOVA) ............................................................................................ 123
9.7.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 125
9.8. One-Way Repeated Measures and Mixed Model ANOVA Checklist ................................... 126

Chapter 10: One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) ................ 127
10.1. Purpose of the One-Way ANCOVA ............................................................................ 127
10.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way ANCOVA ........................................... 127
10.3. Illustrated Example One ......................................................................................... 128
10.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 129
10.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 130
10.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 130
10.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 130
10.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 131
10.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ......... 133
10.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ............. 134
10.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) ............................................. 134
10.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) .................................................. 136
10.3.2.8. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA)
......................................................................................................................... 136
10.3.2.9. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA) .. 138
10.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 139
10.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 140
10.4. Illustrated Example Two ......................................................................................... 140
10.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ........................................................ 141
10.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ..................... 142
10.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) ......................................................... 143
10.4.4. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA) .......... 143
10.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 144
10.5. One-Way ANCOVA Checklist .................................................................................... 144

Chapter 11: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) ............... 145
11.1. Purpose of the MANOVA ......................................................................................... 145
11.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the MANOVA ........................................................ 145
11.3. Illustrated Example One ......................................................................................... 146
11.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 147
11.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 148
11.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 148
11.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ............................. 148
11.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ................................. 149
11.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) 150
11.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers)..... 152
11.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) ............................................. 153
11.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) .................................................. 155
11.3.2.8. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-
Covariance and the MANOVA) ................................................................................ 155
11.3.2.9. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance
and the MANOVA) ................................................................................................ 157
11.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 159
11.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 160
11.4. Illustrated Example Two ......................................................................................... 160
11.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ......................................... 161
Contents vii
11.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) ............ 161
11.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) ......................................................... 162
11.4.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and
the MANOVA) ........................................................................................................... 162
11.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 164
11.5. MANOVA Checklist ................................................................................................. 165

Chapter 12: Correlation........................................................................ 167
12.1. Purpose of Correlation ............................................................................................ 167
12.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Correlation .......................................................... 167
12.3. Illustrated Example One: Bivariate Correlation .......................................................... 168
12.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 169
12.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 170
12.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 170
12.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 170
12.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 171
12.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) .............. 172
12.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) .................. 173
12.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Correlation) .......................................... 174
12.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Correlation) .............................................. 174
12.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 175
12.3.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 175
12.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 175
12.3.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 176
12.4. Illustrated Example Two: Partial Correlation ............................................................. 176
12.4.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ............................................................................... 177
12.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output ................................................................................... 177
12.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 178
12.5. Correlation Checklist .............................................................................................. 178

Chapter 13: Multiple Regression ......................................................... 179
13.1. Purpose of Multiple Regression ................................................................................ 179
13.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Multiple Regression ............................................... 180
13.3. Illustrated Example One: Standard Multiple Regression .............................................. 180
13.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 181
13.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 182
13.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 182
13.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) .......... 183
13.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) ............... 184
13.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard
Multiple Regression) ............................................................................................. 185
13.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard
Multiple Regression) ............................................................................................. 187
13.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 189
13.3.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 189
13.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 190
13.3.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 191
13.4. Illustrated Example Two: Hierarchical Multiple Regression .......................................... 191
13.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 192
13.4.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 192
13.4.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 192
13.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure ....................................................................... 192
13.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 193
13.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 195
13.4.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 195
13.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 196
13.5. Multiple Regression Checklist .................................................................................. 197

Chapter 14: Logistic Regression ........................................................ 199
14.1. Purpose of Logistic Regression ................................................................................ 199
14.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Logistic Regression ............................................... 200
14.3. Illustrated Example................................................................................................ 200
viii SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
14.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 202
14.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 203
14.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 203
14.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Multicollinearity).................................... 204
14.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Multicollinearity) ........................................ 204
14.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Logit Linearity)...................................... 205
14.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Logit Linearity) .......................................... 206
14.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) ............. 207
14.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) ................. 209
14.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 210
14.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 212
14.4. Logistic Regression Checklist ................................................................................... 212

Chapter 15: Factor Analysis ................................................................ 213
15.1. Purpose of a Factor Analysis ................................................................................... 213
15.2. Questions We Could Answer Using a Factor Analysis .................................................. 213
15.3. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................ 213
15.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 215
15.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 216
15.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 216
15.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 216
15.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 217
15.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Factor Analysis) .................................... 218
15.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Factor Analysis) ......................................... 220
15.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 223
15.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 224
15.4. Factor Analysis Checklist ........................................................................................ 224

Chapter 16: Reliability Analysis .......................................................... 225
16.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 225
16.2. Cronbach’s Alpha ................................................................................................... 225
16.2.1. Illustrated Example One ................................................................................. 226
16.2.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File .................................................... 228
16.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Reversing Negatively Scaled Items) ................... 229
16.2.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Cronbach’s Alpha) ............................................ 230
16.2.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 231
16.2.1.5. APA Style Results Write-Up...................................................................... 233
16.3. Cohen’s Kappa ...................................................................................................... 233
16.3.1. Illustrated Example Two .................................................................................. 233
16.3.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File .................................................... 234
16.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure........................................................................ 235
16.3.1.3. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 236
16.3.1.4. APA Style Results Write-Up...................................................................... 237
16.4. Reliability Analysis Checklist.................................................................................... 237

Chapter 17: Non-Parametric Procedures ........................................... 239
17.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 239
17.2. Chi-Square (χ2) Test for Goodness of Fit ................................................................... 240
17.3. Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies ...................................................................... 246
17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test ............................................................................................. 254
17.5. McNemar Test of Change ........................................................................................ 260
17.6. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ..................................................................................... 265
17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA .............................................................................. 271
17.8. Cochran’s Q Test ................................................................................................... 277
17.9. Friedman Two-Way ANOVA ..................................................................................... 282
17.10. Cramer’s V .......................................................................................................... 288
17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B...................................................................... 290
17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist ...................................................................................... 294