SPSS Statistics Version 22: A Practical Guide

326 Pages·2014·33.788 MB·English

by  Brody Heritage

SPSS STATISTICS
VERSION 22
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
PETER ALLEN
KELLIE BENNETT
BRODY HERITAGE
allen_bennett_sb_48973_cvr.indd 1 17/03/14 1:56 PM
Do you want to …
(a). Compare Samples?

Number DV(s) Number of No of Are the Samples Covariates Test Chapter
of DVs Data Type IVs Samples Independent or Related? (& Section)

1 (Compared to a 0 One Sample t Test 4
predetermined value)
0 Independent Samples t Test 5
Independent
1 2 1+ One-Way ANCOVA 10
Related 0 Paired Samples t Test 6
0 One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7
Independent
3+ 1+ One-Way ANCOVA 10
Scalea
Related 0 One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA 9
0 Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 8
Independent
b 1+ Tested through GLM (General Linear Model)
Univariate and Repeated Measures. Refer to
2+ Related Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) for advanced ANOVA
models.

Mixed 0 Mixed Model ANOVAc 9

1 (Compared to predetermined
category membership frequencies) Chi-Square (χ2) for Goodness of Fit 17 (17.2)

Independent Mann-Whitney U Test 17 (17.4)
1 Ordinal 1 2
Related Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 17 (17.6)

Independent Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 17 (17.7)
3+
Related Friedman Two-Way ANOVA 17 (17.9)

1 (Compared to predetermined
category membership frequencies) Chi-Square (χ2) for Goodness of Fit 17 (17.2)
Independent Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies 17 (17.3)
Nominal 1 2
Related McNemar Test of Change 17 (17.5)
Independent Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies 17 (17.3)
3+
Related Cochran’s Q Test 17 (17.8)

0 MANOVA 11
Independent
1+ For designs with covariates, repeated measures,
1
and factorial designs, refer to Tabachnick and
Scale Related Fidell (2007). Alternatively, consider treating each
DV separately, and using tests suitable for Number
2+
2+ of DV(s) = 1.
Ordinal Consider each DV separately, and use tests
suitable for Number of DV(s) = 1.
Nominal

(b). Analyse Relationships Between Variables?

Number of Criterion Number of Predictor(s) Covariates Test Chapter
Criterion Variable(s) Predictors Data Type (Control (& Section)
Variables (DVs) Data Type (IVs) Variables)

0 Pearson’s r 12 (12.3)
1 Scale
1+ Partial Correlation (r) 12 (12.4)
Scale
0 Standard Multiple Regression 13 (13.3)
1+
1+ Hierarchical Multiple Regression 13 (13.4)

1 Ordinal 1 ≥d Ordinal Spearman’s Rho (or Kendall’s Tau-B) 17 (17.11)

1 ≥ Nominal 0 Cramer’s V 17 (17.10)
Nominale

1+ ≥ Nominal 0+ Binary Logistic Regression 14

(c). Examine the Underlying Structure or Reliability of Measures?

Purpose Test Chapter
(& Section)
Structure (To reduce a large number of

items/variables down to a much smaller set Factor Analysis (PAF) 15
of factors.)
Internal consistency Cronbach’s Alpha 16 (16.2)

Reliability Inter-rater Cohen’s Kappa 16 (16.3)

Test-retest Pearson’s rf 12 (12.3)
Notes. a Interval or ratio. b A dashed arrow indicates that you are travelling down a path not covered in this text. c In this text, we only consider a 2 x 2
design. For more complex designs, refer to Tabachnick and Fidell (2007). d Greater than or equal to, in terms of measurement sophistication. So ≥
ordinal means ordinal or scale; ≥ nominal means nominal or ordinal or scale. e Nominal-level criterion variables used in logistic regression must be
dichotomous. f Assumes scale data.
allen_bennett_sb_48973_cvr.indd 2 17/03/14 1:56 PM
SPSS STATISTICS
VERSION 22
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
PETER ALLEN
KELLIE BENNETT
BRODY HERITAGE
allen_bennett_sb_48973_titlepage.indd 1 10/04/14 9:53 AM
SPSS Statistics Version 22: A practical guide © 2014 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
3rd Edition
Peter Allen Copyright Notice
Kellie Bennett This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
Brody Heritage retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
Publishing manager: Dorothy Chiu Copyright Act 1968 , for example any fair dealing for the purposes of private
Senior Publishing editor: Fiona Hammond study, research, criticism or review, subject to certain limitations. These
Publishing assistant: Lydia Crisp limitations include: Restricting the copying to a maximum of one chapter or
Senior project editor: Nathan Katz 10% of this book, whichever is greater; providing an appropriate notice and
Cover design: Danielle Maccarone warning with the copies of the Work disseminated; taking all reasonable
steps to limit access to these copies to people authorised to receive these
Any URLs contained in this publication were checked for currency during copies; ensuring you hold the appropriate Licences issued by the
the production process. Note, however, that the publisher cannot vouch Copyright Agency Limited (“CAL”), supply a remuneration notice to CAL and
for the ongoing currency of URLs. pay any required fees. For details of CAL licences and remuneration notices
please contact CAL at Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000,
Tel: [phone], Fax: [phone]
Acknowledgements Email: [e-mail]
IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com, and SPSS are trademarks or registered Website: www.copyright.com.au
trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, registered in
many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might For product information and technology assistance,
be trademarks of IBM or other companies. A current list of IBM in Australia call 1300 790 853;
trademarks is available on the Web at “IBM Copyright and trademark in New Zealand call 0800 449 725
information” at www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml.
For permission to use material from this text or product, please email
Permission to quote from, transmit electronically or reprint IBM material [e-mail]
is limited to the purpose and quantities originally requested and must not
be construed as a blanket license to use the material for other purposes or National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
to reprint other IBM copyrighted material. Author: Allen, Peter, author.
Title: SPSS statistics version 22 : a practical guide / Peter Allen, Kellie
IBM reserves the right to withdraw permission to reproduce copyrighted Bennett and Brody Heritage.
material whenever, in its discretion, it feels that the privilege of Edition: 3rd edition.
reproducing its material is being used in a way detrimental to its interest ISBN: 9780170348973 (paperback)
or the above instructions are not being followed properly to protect its Notes: Includes index.
copyright. Subjects: SPSS (Computer file)--Handbooks, manuals, etc. Social sciences--
Statistical methods--Computer programs. Social sciences--Statistical
No permission is granted to use trademarks of International Business methods--Data processing--Computer programs. Social sciences--Research--
Machines Corporation and its affiliates apart from the incidental Statistical methods--Computer programs.
appearance of such trademarks in the titles, text, and illustrations of the Other Authors/Contributors: Bennett, Kellie, author. Heritage, Brody,
named publications. Any proposed use of trademarks apart from such author.
incidental appearance requires separate approval in writing and ordinarily Dewey Number: 519.5028553
cannot be given. The use of any IBM trademark should not be of a manner
which might cause confusion of origin or appear to endorse non-IBM
products. Cengage Learning Australia
Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street
THIS PERMISSION IS PROVIDED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A Cengage Learning New Zealand
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Unit 4B Rosedale Office Park
331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ
For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au
Printed in China by RR Donnelley Asia Printing Solutions Limited.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18 17 16 15 14
210 x 297
Table of Contents

Preface ..................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ............................................................................... xiv
Providing Feedback .............................................................................. xiv
About the Authors ................................................................................. xiv

Chapter 1: Getting Started With SPSS Statistics ................................... 1
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. SPSS Statistics Data Editor ........................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Data View ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2. Variable View ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Creating a Data File ..................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 6

Chapter 2: Working With Data ................................................................. 7
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Compute .................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Illustrated Example .............................................................................................. 8
2.3. Recode ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 10
2.4. Missing Value Analysis ............................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 12
2.5. Split File................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 14
2.6. Select Cases ............................................................................................................. 17
2.6.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 17
2.7. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 18

Chapter 3: Summarising and Displaying Data ..................................... 19
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19
3.2. Frequencies .............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 20
3.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 22
3.2.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Viewer.......................................................................... 23
3.3. Descriptives.............................................................................................................. 24
3.3.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 24
3.3.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 24
3.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 25
3.4. Explore .................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 26
3.4.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ........................................................................... 26
3.4.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................... 28
3.4.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Chart Editor .................................................................. 30
3.5. Chart Builder ............................................................................................................ 31
3.5.1. Illustrated Example ............................................................................................ 31
3.6. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 32
iv SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
Chapter 4: One Sample t Test ............................................................... 33
4.1. Purpose of the One Sample t Test................................................................................ 33
4.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One Sample t Test ............................................. 33
4.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 34
4.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 35
4.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 36
4.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 36
4.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 36
4.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 38
4.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ................................... 40
4.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ........................................ 41
4.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 41
4.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 41
4.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 42
4.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 42
4.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 42
4.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 43
4.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) ................................................ 44
4.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 44
4.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 44
4.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 45
4.5. One Sample t Test Checklist ....................................................................................... 45

Chapter 5: Independent Samples t Test ............................................... 47
5.1. Purpose of the Independent Samples t Test .................................................................. 47
5.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Independent Samples t Test ................................. 47
5.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 48
5.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 49
5.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 50
5.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 50
5.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 50
5.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 52
5.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test)...... 53
5.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test) .......... 54
5.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 54
5.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 54
5.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 56
5.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 56
5.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 57
5.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 58
5.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test) .................. 59
5.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 59
5.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 59
5.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 60
5.5. Independent Samples t Test Checklist .......................................................................... 60

Chapter 6: Paired Samples t Test ......................................................... 61
6.1. Purpose of the Paired Samples t Test ........................................................................... 61
6.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Paired Samples t Test .......................................... 61
6.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 62
6.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 63
6.3.2. Analysing the Data............................................................................................. 63
6.3.2.1. Assumptions.............................................................................................. 63
6.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores)
........................................................................................................................... 64
6.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores) .. 66
6.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ............................... 67
6.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ................................... 68
6.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 69
6.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................. 69
6.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 70
6.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 70
6.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 70
6.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores) .......... 71
Contents v
6.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) ........................................... 72
6.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 73
6.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 73
6.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 74
6.5. Paired Samples t Test Checklist................................................................................... 74

Chapter 7: One-Way Between Groups ANOVA .................................... 75
7.1. Purpose of the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA.......................................................... 75
7.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA ........................ 75
7.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 76
7.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 77
7.3.2. Analysing the Data ............................................................................................ 78
7.3.2.1. Assumptions ............................................................................................. 78
7.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................... 79
7.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 80
7.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ... 81
7.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ........ 82
7.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 84
7.3.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 84
7.3.3.1.1. Effect Size Calculations for the Omnibus ANOVA .................................... 84
7.3.3.1.2. Effect Size Calculations for the Contrasts and Comparisons ..................... 85
7.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 86
7.3.5. Summary ......................................................................................................... 87
7.4. Illustrated Example Two ............................................................................................. 87
7.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ............................................................ 88
7.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ................ 89
7.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ............................................................................................ 89
7.4.3.1. Effect Size ................................................................................................ 89
7.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ................................................................................. 90
7.5. One-Way Between Groups ANOVA Checklist ................................................................. 90

Chapter 8: Factorial Between Groups ANOVA .................................... 91
8.1. Purpose of the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA........................................................... 91
8.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA ......................... 91
8.3. Illustrated Example One ............................................................................................. 92
8.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................... 93
8.3.2. Analysing the Data ............................................................................................ 94
8.3.2.1. Assumptions ............................................................................................. 94
8.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................... 94
8.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................... 96
8.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ... 97
8.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) ...... 100
8.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses .......................................................................................... 101
8.3.3.1. Simple Effects and Comparisons ................................................................ 101
8.3.3.2. Effect Size (Omega-Squared) .................................................................... 102
8.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 104
8.4. Illustrated Example Two ........................................................................................... 105
8.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output ..................................................................................... 106
8.4.2. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 107
8.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 108
8.6. Factorial Between Groups ANOVA Checklist ................................................................ 108

Chapter 9: One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model
ANOVA .................................................................................................. 109
9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 109
9.2. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA ........................................................................ 109
9.3. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA .................. 109
9.4. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................. 110
9.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................. 111
9.4.2. Analysing the Data .......................................................................................... 111
9.4.2.1. Assumptions ........................................................................................... 111
9.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................. 112
vi SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
9.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) .................................................. 113
9.4.2.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
and the ANOVA)................................................................................................... 114
9.4.2.5. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity,
and the ANOVA)................................................................................................... 116
9.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 118
9.5. Mixed Model ANOVA ................................................................................................ 119
9.6. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mixed Model ANOVA .......................................... 119
9.7. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................. 119
9.7.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................. 120
9.7.2. Analysing the Data........................................................................................... 121
9.7.2.1. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, and
the Mixed Model ANOVA) ...................................................................................... 121
9.7.2.2. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, and the
Mixed Model ANOVA) ............................................................................................ 123
9.7.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................... 125
9.8. One-Way Repeated Measures and Mixed Model ANOVA Checklist ................................... 126

Chapter 10: One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) ................ 127
10.1. Purpose of the One-Way ANCOVA ............................................................................ 127
10.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way ANCOVA ........................................... 127
10.3. Illustrated Example One ......................................................................................... 128
10.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 129
10.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 130
10.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 130
10.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 130
10.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 131
10.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ......... 133
10.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ............. 134
10.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) ............................................. 134
10.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) .................................................. 136
10.3.2.8. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA)
......................................................................................................................... 136
10.3.2.9. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA) .. 138
10.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 139
10.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 140
10.4. Illustrated Example Two ......................................................................................... 140
10.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ........................................................ 141
10.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) ..................... 142
10.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) ......................................................... 143
10.4.4. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA) .......... 143
10.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 144
10.5. One-Way ANCOVA Checklist .................................................................................... 144

Chapter 11: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) ............... 145
11.1. Purpose of the MANOVA ......................................................................................... 145
11.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the MANOVA ........................................................ 145
11.3. Illustrated Example One ......................................................................................... 146
11.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 147
11.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 148
11.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 148
11.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ............................. 148
11.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ................................. 149
11.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) 150
11.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers)..... 152
11.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) ............................................. 153
11.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) .................................................. 155
11.3.2.8. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-
Covariance and the MANOVA) ................................................................................ 155
11.3.2.9. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance
and the MANOVA) ................................................................................................ 157
11.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 159
11.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 160
11.4. Illustrated Example Two ......................................................................................... 160
11.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) ......................................... 161
Contents vii
11.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) ............ 161
11.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) ......................................................... 162
11.4.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and
the MANOVA) ........................................................................................................... 162
11.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 164
11.5. MANOVA Checklist ................................................................................................. 165

Chapter 12: Correlation........................................................................ 167
12.1. Purpose of Correlation ............................................................................................ 167
12.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Correlation .......................................................... 167
12.3. Illustrated Example One: Bivariate Correlation .......................................................... 168
12.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 169
12.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 170
12.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 170
12.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 170
12.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 171
12.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) .............. 172
12.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) .................. 173
12.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Correlation) .......................................... 174
12.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Correlation) .............................................. 174
12.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 175
12.3.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 175
12.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 175
12.3.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 176
12.4. Illustrated Example Two: Partial Correlation ............................................................. 176
12.4.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure ............................................................................... 177
12.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output ................................................................................... 177
12.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 178
12.5. Correlation Checklist .............................................................................................. 178

Chapter 13: Multiple Regression ......................................................... 179
13.1. Purpose of Multiple Regression ................................................................................ 179
13.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Multiple Regression ............................................... 180
13.3. Illustrated Example One: Standard Multiple Regression .............................................. 180
13.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 181
13.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 182
13.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 182
13.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) .......... 183
13.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) ............... 184
13.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard
Multiple Regression) ............................................................................................. 185
13.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard
Multiple Regression) ............................................................................................. 187
13.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 189
13.3.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 189
13.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 190
13.3.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 191
13.4. Illustrated Example Two: Hierarchical Multiple Regression .......................................... 191
13.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File............................................................ 192
13.4.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 192
13.4.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 192
13.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure ....................................................................... 192
13.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 193
13.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses ........................................................................................ 195
13.4.3.1. Effect Size ............................................................................................. 195
13.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 196
13.5. Multiple Regression Checklist .................................................................................. 197

Chapter 14: Logistic Regression ........................................................ 199
14.1. Purpose of Logistic Regression ................................................................................ 199
14.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Logistic Regression ............................................... 200
14.3. Illustrated Example................................................................................................ 200
viii SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide
14.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 202
14.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 203
14.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 203
14.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Multicollinearity).................................... 204
14.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Multicollinearity) ........................................ 204
14.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Logit Linearity)...................................... 205
14.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Logit Linearity) .......................................... 206
14.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) ............. 207
14.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) ................. 209
14.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 210
14.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 212
14.4. Logistic Regression Checklist ................................................................................... 212

Chapter 15: Factor Analysis ................................................................ 213
15.1. Purpose of a Factor Analysis ................................................................................... 213
15.2. Questions We Could Answer Using a Factor Analysis .................................................. 213
15.3. Illustrated Example ................................................................................................ 213
15.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File ............................................................ 215
15.3.2. Analysing the Data ......................................................................................... 216
15.3.2.1. Assumptions .......................................................................................... 216
15.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) ............................................ 216
15.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) ................................................ 217
15.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Factor Analysis) .................................... 218
15.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Factor Analysis) ......................................... 220
15.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up ............................................................................. 223
15.3.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... 224
15.4. Factor Analysis Checklist ........................................................................................ 224

Chapter 16: Reliability Analysis .......................................................... 225
16.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 225
16.2. Cronbach’s Alpha ................................................................................................... 225
16.2.1. Illustrated Example One ................................................................................. 226
16.2.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File .................................................... 228
16.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Reversing Negatively Scaled Items) ................... 229
16.2.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Cronbach’s Alpha) ............................................ 230
16.2.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 231
16.2.1.5. APA Style Results Write-Up...................................................................... 233
16.3. Cohen’s Kappa ...................................................................................................... 233
16.3.1. Illustrated Example Two .................................................................................. 233
16.3.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File .................................................... 234
16.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure........................................................................ 235
16.3.1.3. SPSS Statistics Output ............................................................................ 236
16.3.1.4. APA Style Results Write-Up...................................................................... 237
16.4. Reliability Analysis Checklist.................................................................................... 237

Chapter 17: Non-Parametric Procedures ........................................... 239
17.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 239
17.2. Chi-Square (χ2) Test for Goodness of Fit ................................................................... 240
17.3. Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Contingencies ...................................................................... 246
17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test ............................................................................................. 254
17.5. McNemar Test of Change ........................................................................................ 260
17.6. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ..................................................................................... 265
17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA .............................................................................. 271
17.8. Cochran’s Q Test ................................................................................................... 277
17.9. Friedman Two-Way ANOVA ..................................................................................... 282
17.10. Cramer’s V .......................................................................................................... 288
17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B...................................................................... 290
17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist ...................................................................................... 294