Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics PDF
Preview Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics
Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics SpringerHandbooksprovide aconcisecompilationofapproved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physi- cal sciences and engineering. The world’sleadingexpertsinthefields ofphysicsandengineeringwillbe assignedbyoneorseveralrenowned editors to write the chapters com- prising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources(books,journals, onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsof physicalandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobe useful as readable desk reference bookstogiveafastandcomprehen- siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof essential reliable key information, includingtables,graphs,andbibli- ographies.Referencestoextensive sourcesareprovided. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics Frank Träger (Ed.) WithCD-ROM,978Figuresand136Tables 123 Editor: Prof.Dr.FrankTräger UniversityofKassel DepartmentofPhysics Heinrich-Plett-Str.40 34132Kassel Germany LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2007920818 ISBN-10:0-387-95579-8 e-ISBN:0-387-30420-7 ISBN-13:978-0-387-95579-7 Printedonacidfreepaper (cid:1)c 2007,SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCNewYork Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeor inpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+ Business Media, LLC New York, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorage andretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilaror dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,and similarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasan expressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietary rights. Theuseofdesignations,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneral use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any informationaboutdosageandapplicationcontainedinthisbook.Inevery individualcasetheusermustchecksuchinformationbyconsultingthe relevantliterature. Productionandtypesetting:LE-TeXGbR,Leipzig HandbookManager:Dr.W.Skolaut,Heidelberg Typographyandlayout:schreiberVIS,Seeheim Illustrations: schreiberVIS,Seeheim&HippmannGbR,Schwarzenbruck Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printingandbinding:StürtzAG,Würzburg SPIN10892328 100/3100/YL 543210 V Foreword Afterworkingformorethanfourdecadesinthefieldoflaserscience,Iamdelighted thatSpringer-VerlaghasdevotedoneofthefirstvolumesofthenewSpringerHand- book series to lasers and optics. The exhilarating pace of technological advances in our field is still accelerating, and lasers and optical techniques are becoming ever more indispensible as enabling tools in almost any field of science or technology. Sincenosinglephysicist,engineer,orgraduatestudentcanbeanexpertinalltheim- portant subfields of optical science, a concise, balanced, and timely compilation of basic principles, key applications, and recent advances, written by leading experts, will make a most valuable desk reference. The chosen readable style and attractive, well-illustratedlayoutiseveninvitingtocasualstudyingandbrowsing.IknowthatI willkeep my Springer Handbookof Lasersand Opticscloseat hand,despitethe in- Prof.TheodorW.Hänsch finite amount of information (and misinformation) that is readily accessible via the NobelLaureateinPhysics2005 Internet. DepartmentofPhysics Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität(LMU) Munich,February2007 TheodorW.Hänsch Munich,Germany VII Preface It is often said that the 21st century is the century of the photon. In fact, optical methods,materials,andcomponentshavereachedanadvancedstateofsophistication hithertounknown.Opticaltechniques,particularlythosebasedonlasers,notonlyfind applicationsintheclassicalfieldsofphysicsandengineeringbuthaveexpandedinto manyotherdisciplinessuchasmedicine,thelifesciences,chemistryandenvironmental research,tomentiononlyafewexamples.Nevertheless,progressinoptics,photonic materials and coherent light sources continues at a rapid pace: new laser materials are being developed; novel concepts such as optics far beyond the diffraction limit, ornanooptics,arebeingexplored;andcoherentlightsourcesgeneratewavelengthsin rangesnotpreviouslyaccessible. Inviewofthepronouncedinterdisciplinarynatureofoptics,theSpringerHandbook Prof.FrankTräger ofLasersandOpticsisdesignedasareadabledeskreferencebooktoprovidefast,up- UniversitätKassel to-date,comprehensive,andauthoritativecoverageofthefield.Thehandbookchapters ExperimentalphysikI are grouped into four parts covering basic principles and materials; fabrication and Germany propertiesofopticalcomponents;coherentandincoherentlightsources;and,finally, selected applicationsand specialfields such as terahertz photonics,X-ray opticsand holography. IhopethatallreaderswillfindthisSpringerHandbookusefulandwillenjoyusingit. Kassel,February2007 FrankTräger IX List of Authors AndreasAssion HansBrand FemtolasersProduktionsGmbH Friedrich-Alexander-Universityof Fernkorngasse10 Erlangen-NürnbergLHFT Vienna,1100,Austria DepartmentofElectrical,Electronic e-mail:[email protected] andCommunicationEngineering Cauerstr.9 ThomasE.Bauer 91058Erlangen,Germany JENOPTIKPolymerSystemsGmbH e-mail:[email protected] CoatingDepartment AmSandberg2 RobertP.Breault 07819Triptis,Germany BreaultResearchOrganization,Inc. e-mail:[email protected] 6400EastGrantRoad,Suite350 Tucson,AZ85715,USA ThomasBaumert e-mail:[email protected] UniversitätKassel MatthiasBrinkmann InstitutfürPhysik UniversityofAppliedSciencesDarmstadt Heinrich-Plett-Str.40 MathematicsandNaturalSciences 34132Kassel,Germany Schoefferstr.3 e-mail:[email protected] 64295Darmstadt,Germany e-mail:[email protected] DietrichBertram PhilipsLighting UweBrinkmann Philipsstr.8 Bergfried16 52068Aachen,Germany 37120Bovenden,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] KlausBonrad RobertBrunner SchottSpezialglasAG CarlZeissAG DivisionLuminescenceTechnology CentralResearchandTechnology Hattenbergstr.10 Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10 55014Mainz,Germany 07745Jena,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] MatthiasBorn GeoffreyW.Burr PhilipsResearchLaboratoriesAachen IBMAlmadenResearchCenter Weisshausstr.2 650HarryRoad 52066Aachen,Germany SanJose,CA95120 e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] AnnetteBorsutzky KarstenBuse TechnischeUniversitätKaiserslautern UniversityofBonn FachbereichPhysik InstituteofPhysics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str.49 Wegelerstr.8 67663Kaiserslautern,Germany 53115Bonn,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] X ListofAuthors CarolClick Yun-HsingFan SchottNorthAmerica UniversityofCentralFlorida RegionalResearchandDevelopment CollegeofOpticsandPhotonics 400YorkAvenue 4000CentralFloridaBlvd. Duryea,PA18642,USA Orlando,32816,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] HansCoufal† EnricoGeißler IBMResearchDivision CarlZeissAG SanJose,CA,USA CentralResearchandTechnology CarlZeissPromenade10 MarkJ.Davis 07745Jena,Germany SchottNorthAmerica e-mail:[email protected] RegionalResearchandDevelopment 400YorkAvenue AjoyGhatak Duryea,PA18642,USA IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi e-mail:[email protected] PhysicsDepartment WolfgangDemtröder HauzKhas TUKaiserslautern NewDelhi,110016,India DepartmentofPhysics e-mail:[email protected] AmHarzhübel80 67663Kaiserslautern,Germany AlexanderGoushcha e-mail:[email protected] SEMICOA 333McCormickAvenue HenrikEhlers CostaMesa,CA92626,USA LaserZentrumHannovere.V. e-mail:[email protected] DepartmentofThinFilmTechnology Hollerithallee8 DanielGrischkowsky 30419Hannover,Germany OklahomaStateUniversity e-mail:[email protected] ElectricalandComputerEngineering EngineeringSouth202 RainerEngelbrecht Stillwater,OK74078,USA Friedrich-Alexander-Universityof e-mail:[email protected] Erlangen-Nürnberg DepartmentofElectrical,Electronicand RichardHaglund CommunicationEngineering VanderbiltUniversity Cauerstr.9 DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy 91058Erlangen,Germany 6301StevensonCenterLane e-mail:[email protected] Nashville,TN37235-1807,USA MartinFally e-mail:[email protected] UniversityofVienna FacultyofPhysics,Department StefanHansmann forExperimentalPhysics AlTechnologiesGmbH Boltzmanngasse5 Deutsche-Telekom-Allee3 Vienna,1090,Austria 64295Darmstadt,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] ListofAuthors XI JosephHayden MircoImlau SchottNorthAmerica UniversityofOsnabrück RegionalResearchandDevelopment DepartmentofPhysics 400YorkAvenue Barbarastr.7 Duryea,PA18642,USA 49069Osnabrück,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] KuonInoue JoachimHein ChitoseInstituteofScienceandTechnology Friedrich-SchillerUniversityJena DepartmentofPhotonics InstituteforOpticsandQuantumElectronics 758-65Bibi Max-Wien-Platz1 066-8655Chitose,Japan 07743Jena,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] ThomasJüstel StefanW.Hell UniversityofAppliedSciencesMünster MaxPlanckInstituteforBiophysicalChemistry Stegerwaldstr.39 AmFassberg11 48565Steinfurt,Germany 37077Göttingen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] JeffreyL.Kaiser Spectra-Physics JürgenHelmcke DivisionofNewportCorporation Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt(PTB) 1335TerraBellaAvenue Braunschweig MountainView,CA94043,USA FormerHeadQuantumOpticsandLengthUnit e-mail:[email protected] (retired) Bundesallee100 38116Braunschweig,Germany FerencKrausz e-mail:[email protected] Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1 85748Garching,Germany HartmutHillmer e-mail:[email protected] UniversityofKassel InstituteofNanostructureTechnologiesand EckhardKrätzig Analytics(INA) UniversityofOsnabrück Heinrich-Plett-Str.40 PhysicsDepartment 34128Kassel,Germany Barbarastr.7 e-mail:[email protected] 49069Osnabrück,Germany e-mail:[email protected] GünterHuber UniversitätHamburg StefanKück InstitutfürLaser-Physik Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt DepartmentPhysik OpticsDivision LuruperChaussee149 Bundesallee100 22761Hamburg,Germany 38116Braunschweig,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] XII ListofAuthors AnneL’Huillier RalfMalz UniversityofLund LASOSLasertechnikGmbH DepartmentofPhysics ResearchandDevelopment P.O.Box118 Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10 22100Lund,Sweden 07745Jena,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] BrunoLengeler WolfgangMannstadt AachenUniversity(RWTH) SchottAG II.PhysikalischesInstitut ResearchandTechnologyDevelopment Templergraben55 Hattenbergstr.10 52056Aachen,Germany 55122Mainz,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] MartinLetz GerdMarowsky SchottGlas Laser-LaboratoriumGöttingene.V. MaterialsScience,CentralResearch Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg1 Hattenbergstr.1 37077Göttingen,Germany 55014Mainz,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] DietrichMartin GerdLeuchs CarlZeissAG UniversityofErlangen-Nuremberg CorporateResearchandTechnology InstituteofOptics,InformationandPhotonics MicrostructuredOpticsResearch Guenther-Scharowsky-Str.1 Carl-Zeiss-Promenade10 91058Erlangen,Germany 07745Jena,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] NorbertLindlein BernhardMesserschmidt Friedrich-AlexanderUniversityof GRINTECHGmbH Erlangen-Nürnberg ResearchandDevelopment,Management Max-PlanckResearchGroup Schillerstr.1 InstituteofOpticsInformationandPhotonics 07745Jena,Germany Staudtstr.7/B2 e-mail:[email protected] 91058Erlangen,Germany e-mail: KatsumiMidorikawa [email protected] RIKEN LaserTechnologyLaboratory DennisLo† Hirosawa2-1,Wako TheChineseUniversityofHongKong 351-0198Saitama,Japan HongKong,P.R.China e-mail:[email protected] StefanoLonghi GerardJ.Milburn UniversityofPolitecnicodiMilano TheUniversityofQueensland DepartmentofPhysics CenterforQuantumComputerTechnology PiazzaLeonardodaVinci32 SchoolofPhysicalSciences 20133Milano,Italy St.Lucia,QLD4072,Australia e-mail:longhi@fisi.polimi.it e-mail:[email protected]
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