Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics PDF
Preview Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Springer Handbook oƒ Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Drake Editor 2nd Edition 123 Springer Handbooks SpringerHandbooksprovideaconcisecompilationofapprovedkeyinformationonmethods ofresearch,generalprinciples,andfunctionalrelationshipsinphysicalandappliedsciences. Theworld’sleadingexpertsinthefieldsofphysicsandengineeringwillbeassignedbyoneor severalrenownededitorstowritethechapterscomprisingeachvolume.Thecontentisselected bytheseexpertsfromSpringersources(books,journals,onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsofscientificandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobeusefulasreadabledeskbooktogiveafastandcomprehensive overviewandeasyretrievalofessentialreliablekeyinformation,includingtables,graphs,and bibliographies.Referencestoextensivesourcesareprovided. Gordon W. F. Drake Editor Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 2nd Edition With 328 Figures and125 Tables Editor GordonW.F.Drake Dept.ofPhysics UniversityofWindsor Windsor,Canada ISSN2522-8692 ISSN2522-8706(electronic) ISBN978-3-030-73892-1 ISBN978-3-030-73893-8(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73893-8 1stedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2006 2ndedition:©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,repro- ductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebe- lievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgivea warranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmay havebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Atomic,molecular,andopticalphysics(AMOphysics)encompassesthefoundationalknowl- edge of atomic physics and essential concepts and data for molecular and optical physics. AMOphysicsprovidesthetoolsforunderstandingthefullgamutofatomic,ionic,andmolec- ularcollisionsthatisessentialforastronomyandastrophysics.KnowledgefromAMOphysics overflowsintoneighboringfields:nuclearphysics,materialscience,biophysics,geo-physics, andatmosphericscience.AMOscienceiscrucialtotheunderstandingofclimatechange. AMOphysicshasundergonedramaticadvancessincethelastedition oftheAMOHand- book. The discovery of ultracold atoms has led to new tools for many-bodyphysics. Cavity quantumelectrodynamicshasopenedavenuesintofieldtheoryandquantuminformationpro- cessing. Advances in experimental techniques have revolutionized metrology and enabled anewgenerationofatomicfrequencystandardsthathavereachedprecisionofpartsin1019. Ametrologicalrevolutionhastakenplace:allthebasicunitsofsciencehavebeenredefinedin termsofquantummeasurements. Fundamentaltestscontinuetoflourish.Atomsnowserveastoolsformanipulatingphotons, quantuminformationtheoryandquantumcommunicationhaveadvanced,andthesearchfor physicsbeyondtheStandardModelhasbeencarriedforward.Thediscoveryofgravitational wavesbyLIGOwasenabledbyadvancesinquantumopticsfromtheAMOcommunity,and theobservationofradiationbymatterasitfallsthroughtheeventhorizonofablackholewas made possible by synchronizing signals from observatories around the world using atomic clocksattheirlimitofaccuracy TheTableofContentsofthisneweditionoftheSpringerHandbookofAtomic,Molecular, andOpticalPhysicsreflectsthebroadscopeofAMOphysicstoday.Its91chapters,writtenby expertsandcarefullyreviewed,areanessentialresourceforphysicistsinacademic,industrial, andfederalresearchlaboratories. Withthechangingstyleinscientificpublishingandlibrarypractice,browsinghasbecome increasinglydifficult.AllthemorereasontohaveaccesstotheSpringerHandbookofAtomic, MolecularandOpticalPhysics,forwhichbrowsingisalmostirresistible. January,2021 DanielKleppner v Foreword to the First Edition by Herbert Walther TheHandbookofAtomic,MolecularandOptical(AMO)Physicsgivesanin-depthsurveyof thepresentstatus ofthisfieldofphysics.Itisanextendedversionofthefirstissueto which newand emergingfields havebeenadded.Theselection of topicsthustraces therecenthis- toricdevelopmentofAMOphysics.Thebookgivesstudents,scientists, engineers,andother interestedpeopleacomprehensiveintroductionandoverview.Itcombinesintroductoryexpla- nations with descriptions of phenomena, discussions of results achieved, and gives a useful selection ofreferencestoallowmoredetailedstudies, makingthehandbookverysuitableas adesktopreference. AMOphysicsisanimportantandbasicfieldofphysics.Itprovidedtheessentialimpulse leading to the developmentof modern physics at the beginning of the last century. We have to remember that at that time not every physicist believed in the existence of atoms and molecules. It was due to Albert Einstein, whose work we commemorate this year with the worldyearofphysics,thatthisviewchanged.ItwasEinstein’smicroscopicviewofmolecu- lar motion that led to away of calculating Avogadro’snumberand thesize of molecules by studyingtheirmotion.ThisworkwasthebasisofhisPhDthesissubmittedtotheUniversity of Zurich in July 1905 and after publication became Einstein’s most quoted paper. Further- more,combiningkinetictheoryandclassicalthermodynamicsledhimtotheconclusionthat thedisplacementofamicroparticleinBrownianmotionvariesasthesquarerootoftime.The experimentaldemonstrationofthislawbyJeanPerrinthreeyearslaterfinallyaffordedstriking proofthatatomsandmoleculesareareality.TheenergyquantumpostulatedbyEinsteininor- dertoexplainthephotoelectriceffectwasthebasisforthesubsequentlyinitiateddevelopment ofquantumphysics,leadingtoarevolutioninphysicsandmanynewapplicationsinscience andtechnology. TheresultsofAMOphysicsinitiatedthedevelopmentofquantummechanicsandquantum electrodynamicsandasaconsequenceledtoabetterunderstandingofthestructureofatoms andmoleculesandtheirrespectiveinteractionwithradiationandtotheattainmentofunprece- dented accuracy. AMO physics also influenced the development in other fields of physics, chemistry,astronomy,andbiology.ItisanastonishingfactthatAMOphysicsconstantlywent throughperiodswherenewphenomenawerefound,givingrisetoanenormousrevivalofthis area.Examplesarethemaserandlaserandtheirmanyapplications,leadingtoabetterunder- standingofthebasicsandthedetectionofnewphenomena,andnewpossibilitiessuchaslaser cooling of atoms, squeezing, and other nonlinear behaviour. Recently, coherent interference effects allowed slow or fast light to be produced. Finally, the achievementof Bose–Einstein condensationindilutemediahasopenedupawiderangeofnewphenomenaforstudy.Special quantumphenomenaareleadingtonewapplicationsfortransmission ofinformationandfor computing.Controlofphotonemissionthroughspeciallydesignedcavitiesallowscontrolled anddeterministicgenerationofphotonsopeningthewayforasecureinformationtransfer. Further new possibilities are emerging, such as the techniques for producing attosecond laser pulsesandlaser pulseswith knownandcontrolledphaserelationbetweentheenvelope and carrier wave, allowing synthesis of even shorter pulses in a controlled manner. Further- more,laserpulsesmaysoonbeavailablethataresufficientlyintensetoallowpolarizationof the vacuum field. Another interesting developmentis the generation of artificial atoms, e.g., vii viii ForewordtotheFirstEditionbyHerbertWalther quantumdots,openingafieldwherenanotechnologymeetsatomicphysics.Itisthusevident thatAMOphysicsisstillgoingstrongandwillalsoprovidenewandinterestingopportunities andresultsinthefuture. HerbertWalther Preface Thefieldofatomic,molecular,andopticalphysicsistheoldestpartofmodernphysics,andyet itprovidesthefoundationuponwhichalltherestisbuilt.ThepreviouseditionoftheSpringer HandbookofAtomic,Molecular, andOpticalPhysics waspublishedin 2005,whichwas the International Year of Physics celebrating the Annus mirabilis of Einstein exactly 100 years earlier.2005alsomarkedanotherinalongsequenceofNobelPrizesawardedforworkinthe areaofAMOphysics,thistimetoRoyGlauber,JohnHall,andTedHänschfortheirworkon quantumopticsandhigh-precisionmeasurement.Thesequencecontinuedwiththe2012prize beingawardedtoSergeHarocheandDavidWinelandfortheirworkonmeasuringandmanip- ulatingindividualquantumsystems,andthe2018prizetoArthurAskinforthedevelopmentof opticaltweezers,andGérardMourouandDonnaSricklandforhigh-intensityultrashortlaser pulses.Mostrecently,theNobelPrizeinPhysicsfor2022wasawardedjointlytoAlainAspect, JohnF.ClauserandAntonZeilingerforexperimentswithentangledphotons,establishingthe violation of Bell inequalities, and pioneering quantum information science. The 2015 Prize for neutrino oscillations and the 2017 Prize for gravitational waves also made essential use of thetechniquesof AMOphysicsfortheir success. 2015was also theInternationalYear of Light,wheretheever-expandingpowerandversatilityoflasersplayedaprominentrole;this continuestoprovideaunifyingthemeformuchofAMOphysics. The intent of this Handbook is to providea ready reference for the principal ideas, tech- niques, and results that are common to all these areas of research where exciting advances continue apace. The success of the previous 2005 edition and advances in the field provide the motivation for the current revised edition, with the expectation that it will continue as a standardreferencesourceforthefield.Manyofthetopicshavenotchangedsignificantlysince the previousedition was published, such as angularmomentum algebra(Chap.2), perturba- tion theory (Chap.5), secondquantization (Chap.6), andthe propertiesof hydrogenicwave functions (Chap. 9), and so these chapters are still the same (except for minor corrections). However, most of the other chapters havebeen extensively revised, and in some cases com- pletely rewritten. In the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model, it has become increasingly evident that high-precision atomic physics measurements at low energy can be used to supplement, orin somecases extend,what canbelearned fromhigh-energyparticle accelerators. Entirely new chapters areincluded on searches for dark matter and an electron electricdipolemoment(EDM),andtestsofLorentzinvarianceandgeneralrelativity.Thema- jor previous sections on lasers, laser interactions with matter, and quantum optical tests of thefoundationsofphysicsremainofcentralimportanceintherevisededition,alongwiththe various forms of spectroscopy. The sections on scattering phenomena, both theoretical and experimental,havebeenaugmentedtoincludeanewchapteronultracoldRydbergatomcolli- sions,andanotheronquantumdefecttheory.Thesectiononapplicationsremainsasimportant andtimelyasever,withextensivelyupdatedchaptersonaeronomyandglobalchange.Chap- ter 1 onunitsand constantshasbeencompletelytransformedbytheredefinition ofPlanck’s constant, Avogadro’s number, Boltzmann’s constant, and the elementary charge as defined physicalconstantswithzerouncertainty. The preparation of the original Handbook and the current revision would not have been possible without the help and advice of many people throughoutthe AMO physics commu- ix x Preface nity.Tonamejustafew,IamparticularlyindebtedtoThomasKirchner,KlausBartschat,and JonathanTennysonfortheir helpandadviceon revisionsto thesection onscattering theory, andtoPierreMeystreandBruceShorefortheiradviceandguidanceinextendingandrestruc- turingthesectiononquantumoptics.MariannaSafronovaprovidedvaluableinputonsearches fornewphysicsbeyondtheStandardModel. Weregretthatthefollowingauthors,allgiantsinthefield,fromthepreviouseditionareno longerwithus.Inorderoftheirappearanceinthepreviousedition,theyareJamesD.Louck, RobertN.Hill,WilliamC.Martin,AnthonyF.Starace,M.RaymondFlannery,PhilipBurke, BerndCrasemann,StigStenholm,AlexanderDalgarno,AlanGarscadden,HansBichsel,Mi- tio Inokuti,JohnM. Brown,LorenzoJ.Curtis,KennethEvenson,GordonFeldman,Thomas Fulton,AxelSchenzle,PaulFeldman,andMichaelR.Strayer. Work on the current revision project began in February, 2016, and so it has been nearly seven years in the making. Much of the day-to-day work involved corresponding with over 100authorsandkeepingtrackofthestatusofeachofthe91chaptersastheypassedthrough an external review process followed by revisions. In many cases, it also involved actively helping authors solve problems with their LATEX source code and establishing good lines of communicationwitheachauthorconcerningthecontentofotherrelatedchapters.Allofthis would nothavebeenpossiblewithouttheverycapablehelp ofthethreeEditorialAssistants who worked on various stages of the project: Jacklyn Bizarre, Shawn Steven, and Fatemeh Hamdizadeh.Theirtirelesseffortsandenergycontributedgreatlytothesuccessfulcompletion of the project. I would also like to acknowledge the very capable assistance of the Springer HandbookCoordinators:VeronikaHamm,HeatherKing,andJudithHinterberg.Ioweagreat debtofgratitudetoallofthesepeopleinmakingthisrevisededitionoftheSpringerHandbook ofAtomic, MolecularandOpticalPhysics areality.I am especially gratefulfortheloveand support of my wife, Mary Louise, and my children Susan and Peter. I hope that the present editionwillcontinuetoserveasavaluableresourceformanyyearstocome. November,2022 GordonW.F.Drake
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