Speech and language : advances in basic research and practiice. Vol. 10 PDF
Preview Speech and language : advances in basic research and practiice. Vol. 10
Contributors to This Volume Kenneth R. Bzoch Denise Cariski Virginia L. Dixon Wood Mary Elbert Jeffrey L. Elman F. Joseph Kemker James L. McClelland Robert L. McCroskey Anthony G. Mlcoch Bruno H. Repp Paula A. Square Gary Weismer SPEECH AND LANGUAGE Advances in Basic Research and Practice VOLUME 10 Edited by NORMAN J. LASS Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia 1984 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Säo Paulo COPYRIGHT © 1984, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX ISSN 0193-3434 ISBN 0-12-608610-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 84 85 86 87 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Kenneth R. Bzoch (59), College of Health Related Professions, Department of Communicative Disorders, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 Denise Cariski (185), Speech Motor Control Laboratories, Department of Com municative Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis consin 53706 Virginia L. Dixon Wood (59), College of Health Related Professions, Depart ment of Communicative Disorders, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, Univer sity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 Mary Elbert (111), Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana Uni versity, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Jeffrey L. Elman (337), Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, Uni versity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 F. Joseph Kemker (59), College of Health Related Professions, Department of Communicative Disorders, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 James L. McClelland (337), Department of Psychology, University of Califor nia, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Robert L. McCroskey (141), Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67208 Anthony G. Mlcoch (1), Speech Pathology and Audiology Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141 Bruno H. Repp (243), Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Paula A. Square (1), Graduate Department of Speech Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada Gary Weismer (185), Speech Motor Control Laboratories, Department of Com municative Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis consin 53706 vii Preface Volume 10 of Speech and Language: Advances in Basic Research and Prac tice contains seven contributions on a wide variety of topics. Mlcoch and Square provide a comprehensive and critical review of the literature on the articulatory and perceptual characteristics associated with apraxia of speech. Also included is an historical perspective as well as modern views on models of apraxia of speech and a discussion of the major conclusions drawn from previous research in regard to a model of speech production. The prevention of communicative disorders in cleft palate infants is addressed by Bzoch, Kemker, and Dixon Wood. The authors discuss some measured facts concerning their joint experiences over a recent five-year period in managing the communicative disorders of fifty consecutive infants with congenital cleft lip and/or palate or related disorders. They present a detailed description of a specif ic protocol for routine hearing, speech, and language evaluations employed in their clinic that is designed to include several measurements of parameters of hearing, speech, and language development and to immediately refer developing problems for early correction. Also included is a statistical breakdown of data from their test battery as well as several case study examples of the use of the battery for team management and decision making purposes. Elbert discusses the relationship between normal phonological acquisition and clinical intervention. In addition to describing some of the current work of linguists on normal acquisition (particularly the move toward a more cognitive model of acquisition), the author offers data from studies of misarticulating children that suggest a correspondence between normal acquisition within the environment with that observed in the clinic and presents some speculations concerning how the information on normal phonological acquisition might be used in our clinical procedures in speech-language pathology. The role of auditory timing in the diagnosis and treatment of speech and language disorders is addressed by McCroskey. The author reviews the literature on temporal features in spoken communication, temporal characteristics in vari ous diagnostic categories (including normal, articulation disorders, learning dis abilities, reading disorders, second language instruction, and mental retarda tion), temporal factors and the elderly, temporal factors and academic achievement, and temporal interactions in clinical and educational environments. He concludes that, it appears that there is an auditory temporal continuum and that all individuals fall somewhere along that continuum. Fortunately, both the redundancy of our language and the redundancy of our neural systems allow considerable variation in performance without any severe effects on communication, learning, and social interaction. However, when the time domain is suffi ciently different from the day-to-day requirements imposed by the rate at which speech must be perceived, then a breakdown in performance occurs. ix X Preface Weismer and Cariski discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of speak ers' abilities to control the output of their speech mechanism. They provide selective reviews of the literature on the control of general motor behavior as well as the control of speech motor behavior. In addition, they describe the results of two experiments which represent their preliminary attempts to study control of intervocalic obstruent durations and voice onset time as well as phrase durations. The topic of categorical perception is discussed by Repp. After providing an historical overview, the author presents models and methods associated with the empirical assessment of categorical perception and discusses task factors, stim ulus factors, and subject factors in categorical perception. He also offers some comments on the limitations of the categorical perception experimental paradigm and on its relationship to categorical perception in the real word. Elman and McClelland address the issue of speech perception as a cognitive process. Specifically, they discuss why speech perception is so difficult a task to model and why interactive activation models provide an appropriate framework. They review relevant facts on speech acoustics and speech perception and dis cuss several previous attempts to model the perception of speech. They also discuss their own modeling efforts and present the results of several studies involving a computer simulation of the model. In addition, they consider the shortcomings of this early version of the model and describe an alternative formulation which they are currently developing. It is our intention that the contents of this volume in particular, and of this serial publication in general, will result in increased discussion and, conse quently, further investigation of a number of unresolved contemporary issues in speech and language processes and pathologies that will ultimately lead to their resolution. NORMAN J. LASS Contents of Previous Volumes Volume 1 The Perception of Speech in Early Infancy Patricia K. Kuhl Acoustic-Perceptual Methods for Evaluation of Defective Speech James F. Lubker Linguistic and Motor Aspects of Stuttering Kenneth O. St. Louis Anatomic Studies of the Perioral Motor System: Foundations for Studies in Speech Physiology Jesse G. Kennedy III and James H. Abbs Acoustic Characteristics of Normal and Pathological Voices Steven B. Davis Synergy: Toward a Model of Language Carol A. Pruning and Judy B. Elliott SUBJECT INDEX Volume 2 Functional Articulation Disorders: Preliminaries to Treatment Ralph L. Shelton and Leija V. McReynolds The Early Lexicons of Normal and Language-Disordered Children: Develop mental and Training Considerations Laurence B. Leonard and Marc E. Fey The Shaping Group: Habituating New Behaviors in the Stutterer William R. Leith The New Theories of Vocal Fold Vibration David J. Broad Homonymy and Sound Change in the Child's Acquisition of Phonology John L. Locke Conversational Speech Behaviors Marjorie A. Faircloth and Richard C. Blasdell Oral Vibrotactile Sensation and Perception: State of the Art Donald Fucci and Michael A. Crary SUBJECT INDEX Volume 3 Theories of Phonological Development Donald E. Mowrer xi XII Contents of Previous Volumes Phonology and Phonetics as Part of the Language Encoding/Decoding System Marcel A. A. Tatham The Application of Phonological Universals in Speech Pathology John J. Ohala The Pédiatrie Language Specialist: An Innovative Approach to Early Language Intervention and the Role of the Speech-Language Clinician Sol Adler and Iowana A. Whitman Tims Speech Perception: A Framework for Research and Theory Dominic W. Massaro and Gregg C. Oden Velopharyngeal Structure and Function: A Model for Biomechanical Analysis David Ross Dickson and Wilma Maue-Dickson Use of Feedback in Established and Developing Speech Gloria J. Borden Delayed Auditory Feedback and Stuttering: Theoretical and Clinical Implications William R. Leith and Claudia C. Chmiel Biofeedback: Theory and Applications to Speech Pathology Sylvia M. Davis and Carl E. Drichta INDEX Volume 4 Nonlinguistic and Linguistic Processing in Normally Developing and Language- Disordered Children Paula Menyuk Phonological Development during the First Year of Life Donald E. Mowrer Speech Fluency and Its Development in Normal Children C. Woodruff Starkweather Speech Production Models as Related to the Concept of Apraxia of Speech Anthony G. Mlcoch and J. Douglas Noll Aspects of Speech and Orthognathic Surgery William G. Ewan Velopharyngeal Function: A Spatial-Temporal Model Fredericka Bell-Berti Variations in the Supraglottal Air Pressure Waveform and Their Articulatory Interpretation Eric M. Müller and W. S. Brown, Jr. INDEX Volume 5 A Critical Review of Developmental Apraxia of Speech Thomas W. Guyette and William M. Diedrich Contents of Previous Volumes XIII Relapse following Stuttering Therapy Franklin H. Silverman Analysis and Measurement of Changes in Normal and Disordered Speech and Language Behavior Merlin J. Mecham Physiological, Acoustic, and Perceptual Aspects of Coarticulation: Implications for the Remediation of Articulatory Disorders Donald J. Sharf and Ralph N. Ohde An Empirical Perspective on Language Development and Language Training Scott F. McLaughlin and Walter L. Cullinan Elements of Voice Quality: Perceptual, Acoustic, and Physiologic Aspects Raymond H. Colton and Jo A. Estill The Resolution of Disputed Communication Origins Murray S. M iron INDEX Volume 6 Auditory Discrimination: Evaluation and Intervention Charlena M. Seymour, Jane A. Baran, and Ruth E. Reaper Evaluation and Treatment of Auditory Deficits in Adult Brain-Damaged Patients Thomas E. Prescott A Pragmatic Approach to Phonological Systems of Deaf Speakers D. Kimbrough Oiler and Rebecca E. Filers Speech and Language Characteristics of an Aging Population Virginia G. Walker, Carole 7. Hardiman, Dona Lea Hedrick, and Anthony Holbrook Language and Cognitive Assessment of Black Children Harry N. Seymour and Dalton Miller-Jones Effect of Aberrant Supralaryngeal Vocal Tracts on Transfer Function Sally J. Peterson-Falzone and Karen L. Landahl The Human Tongue: Normal Structure and Function and Associated Pathologies Donald Fucci and Linda Petrosino From an Acoustic Stream to a Phonological Representation: The Perception of Fluent Speech Z. S. Bond Estimation of Glottal Volume Velocity Waveform Properties: A Review and Study of Some Methodological Assumptions Robert E. Hillman and Bernd Weinberg INDEX XIV Contents of Previous Volumes Volume 7 To Hear Is Not to Understand: Auditory Processing Deficits and Factors Influ encing Performance in Aphasie Individuals Cynthia M. Shewan Auditory Processes in Stutterers Hugo H. Gregory and James Mangan A Review of Research on Speech Training Aids for the Deaf Richard P. Lippmann A New Era in Language Assessment: Data or Evidence John R. Muma, Rosemary Lubinski, and Sharalee Pierce Quantification of Language Abilities in Children Rachel E. Stark, Paula Tallal, and E. David Mellits Communication Behavior Assessment and Treatment with the Adult Retarded: An Approach Nathaniel O. Owings and Thomas W. Guyette Distribution and Production Characteristics of /s/ in the Vocabulary and Spon taneous Speech of Children John V. Irwin Speech Processes in Reading Charles A. Perfetti and Deborah McCutchen Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Vocal Fold Minoru Hirano, Yuki Kakita, Koichi Ohmaru, and Shigejiro Kurita Jitter and Shimmer in Sustained Phonation Vicki L. Heiberger and Yoshiyuki Horii Boundary: Perceptual and Acoustic Properties and Syntactic and Statistical Determinants Noriko Umeda INDEX Volume 8 Toward Classification of Developmental Phonological Disorders Lawrence D. Shriberg Patterns of Misarticulation and Articulation Change Patricia A. Broen The Development of Phonology in Unintelligible Speakers Frederick F. Weiner and Roberta Wacker Determining Articulatory Automatization of Newly Learned Sounds Walter H. Manning and Edward A. Shirkey Conversational Turn-Taking: A Salient Dimension of Children's Language Learning Louis J. DeMaio
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