Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model and Methodology for IMT-Advanced

259 Pages·2008·4.69 MB·English

by  Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Yi Pan(eds.)

Spectrum Requirement Planning in
Wireless Communications
Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model and Methodology for IMT-Advanced E dite d by H. Takagi
and B. H. Walke © 2008 J ohn Wiley & Sons , L td. ISBN: 978-0-470-98647-9
WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing
SeriesEditors: DrXuemin(Sherman)Shen,UniversityofWaterloo,Canada
DrYiPan,GeorgiaStateUniversity,USA
The “Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing” is a series of
comprehensive,practicalandtimelybooksonwirelesscommunicationandnetworksystems.
The series focuses on topics ranging from wireless communication and coding theory to
wirelessapplicationsandpervasivecomputing.Thebooksofferengineersandothertechnical
professionals, researchers,educators, and advancedstudents in these fields with invaluable
insightintothelatestdevelopmentsandcutting-edgeresearch.
Othertitlesintheseries:
Misic and Misic: Wireless Personal Area Networks: Performance, Interconnections and
SecuritywithIEEE802.15.4,January2008,978-0-470-51847-2
Perez-Fontan and Espin˜eira: Modeling the Wireless Propagation Channel: A Simulation
ApproachwithMatlab,August2008,978-0-470-72785-0
Ippolito: Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects on Satellite
LinkDesignandSystemPerformance,September2008,978-0-470-72527-6
Myung:IntroductiontoSingleCarrierFDMA,October2008,978-0-470-72449-1
Qian,MullerandChen:SecurityinWirelessNetworksandSystems,May2009,
978-0-470-51212-8
Stojmenovic:WirelessSensorandActuatorNetworks:AlgorithmsandProtocolsforScalable
CoordinationandDataCommunication,July2009,978-0-470-17082-3
Spectrum Requirement Planning
in Wireless Communications
Model and Methodology for IMT-Advanced
Hideaki Takagi
University of Tsukuba, Japan
Bernhard H. Walke
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Copyright(cid:1)c 2008 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussexPO198SQ,England
Telephone [phone]
Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[e-mail]
VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin
anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunder
thetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyright
LicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthe
Publisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[e-mail],or
faxedto([phone].
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames
andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir
respectiveowners.ThePublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
Alltrademarksreferredtointhetextofthispublicationarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmatter
covered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.If
professionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
OtherWileyEditorialOffices
JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA
Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany
JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia
JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809
JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,L5R4J3,Canada
Wileyalsopublishes itsbooksinavariety ofelectronic formats.Somecontent thatappears inprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Spectrumrequirementplanninginwirelesscommunications:modelandmethodologyforIMT–Advanced/
editedbyHideakiTakagi,BernhardH.Walke.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-98647-9(cloth)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Standards.2.Cellulartelephonesystems–Standards.3.Mobilecommunication
systems–Standards.4.Radiofrequencyallocation–Internationalcooperation.I.Takagi,Hideaki.
II.Walke,Bernhard.
TK5103.2.S742008
621.384–dc22
2007049351
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-470-98647-9(HB)
TypesetbySunriseSettingLtd.
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,England.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufactured fromsustainableforestryinwhichatleasttwo
treesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
AbouttheSeriesEditors xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
BernhardH.WalkeandHitoshiYoshino
1.1 TrendsinMobileCommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Mobileapplicationsandservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Radiointerfacetechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 TrendsinSpectrumUsage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.1 Physicalpropertiesofradiospectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2 Spectrumallocationandidentification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.3 Flexibleuseofspectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3 SpectrumAllocation:WhyandHow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.1 Requirementestimationforallocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.2 Methodofestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 UtilizationofRadioFrequencies 21
HitoshiYoshino,NaotoMatoba,PekkaOjanenandBernhardH.Walke
2.1 SpectrumUsageOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.1 VLFband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.2 LFband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.3 MFband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.4 HFband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.5 VHFband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.6 UHFband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.7 SHFband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.8 EHFband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 SpectrumManagementbyITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 RadioCommunicationServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.1 Mobileservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.2 Broadcastingservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.3 Fixedservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.4 Fixedandmobilesatelliteservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vi CONTENTS
2.4 RadioCommunicationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.1 Cellularsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.2 Wirelesslocalareanetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.3 Terrestrialbroadcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.4 Short-rangecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 SpectrumRequirementCalculationforIMT-2000 45
HideakiTakagi
3.1 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.1 Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.2 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.3 Directionoflinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.4 Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.5 FlowchartofmethodologyforIMT-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 InputParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.1 Geographicparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.2 Personaltrafficparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.3 Radiosystemparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.1 Calculationofofferedtraffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.2 Erlang-BandErlang-Cformulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.3 Determinationofrequiredspectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.4 Weightingandadjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 SequeltotheStory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4 SpectrumRequirementCalculationforIMT-Advanced 73
Marja Matinmikko, Jo¨rg Huschke, Tim Irnich, NaotoMatoba, Jussi Ojala,
PekkaOjanen,HideakiTakagi,BernhardH.WalkeandHitoshiYoshino
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.1 LimitationofmethodologyforIMT-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.2 DevelopmentofmethodologyforIMT-Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1.3 ITUpreparationforWRC-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.1.4 FlowchartofmethodologyforIMT-Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2 ModelsandInputParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 Servicecategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 Serviceenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 Radioenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.4 Radioaccesstechniquegroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3.1 Calculationoftrafficdemandfrommarketdata . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3.2 Trafficdistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.3 Calculationofofferedtraffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3.4 Requiredcapacityforcircuit-switchedservicecategories . . . . . . . 92
4.3.5 Requiredcapacityforpacket-switchedservicecategories . . . . . . . 94
4.3.6 Spectrumresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.4 SummaryofMethodologyforIMT-Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
CONTENTS vii
5 CalculationToolPackage 101
MarjaMatinmikko,Jo¨rgHuschkeandJussiOjala
5.1 DescriptionandUseofSoftwareTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 FrontSheetofSoftwareTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.3 InputstoSoftwareTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.4 IntermediateCalculationSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.5 OutputsfromSoftwareTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6 MarketData 113
MarjaMatinmikkoandMitsuhiroAzuma
6.1 CollectionofMarketData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.1.1 Questionnaireonservicesandmarket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.1.2 Exampleofenvisagedapplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.3 Overviewoffuturemobiletelecommunicationmarket . . . . . . . . 119
6.2 UseofMarketParametersintheMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.2.1 Userdensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.2.2 Sessionarrivalrateperuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.3 Averagesessionduration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.4 Meanservicebitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.5 Mobilityratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3 AnalysisofCollectedMarketData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.1 Generalprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.2 Listapplicationsandservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.3.3 Specifytrafficattributevaluesforservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.3.4 Specifymarketattributevaluesforservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.3.5 Mapservicesintoservicecategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.3.6 Calculatemarketstudyparametervaluesforinputtomethodology . . 126
6.4 ExampleInputMarketParameterValueSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7 Radio-RelatedInputParameters 133
MarjaMatinmikko,PekkaOjanenandJussiOjala
7.1 RATGroupApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.1.1 JustificationforRATgroupapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.1.2 DefinitionofRATgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.1.3 UsageofRATgroups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.2 UseofRadioParametersintheMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.2.1 Cellarea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.2.2 Applicationdatarate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.2.3 Spectralefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.2.4 Minimumspectrumdeploymentperoperatorperradioenvironment . 139
7.2.5 Numberofoverlappingnetworkdeployments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.2.6 Otherradioparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.2.7 Relationsofradioparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
viii CONTENTS
7.3 ExampleInputRadioParameterValueSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.3.1 Radioparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.3.2 Populationcoveragepercentageandtrafficdistributionratio . . . . . 145
8 NumericalExamples 149
TimIrnich,MarjaMatinmikko,JussiOjalaandBernhardH.Walke
8.1 PacketSizeStatisticsandQoSRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.2 TrafficDemandDerivedfromMarketData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2.1 Userdensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2.2 Sessionarrivalrateperuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2.3 Averagesessionduration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2.4 Meanservicebitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.2.5 Mobilityratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.3 TrafficDistributionRatios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.4 OfferedTrafficperRATGroupandRadioEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.5 RequiredSystemCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.6 RequiredSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9 CapacityDimensioningtoMeetDelayPercentileRequirements 167
TimIrnichandBernhardH.Walke
9.1 DelayPercentileEvaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.2 ServiceTimeDistributioninIP-BasedCommunicationSystems . . . . . . . 170
9.3 WaitingTimeDistributioninM/G/1Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
9.3.1 Waitingtimeundermulti-modalservicetimedistribution . . . . . . . 172
9.3.2 Influenceofnonpreemptiveprioritydiscipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.3.3 Waitingtimeapproximationbasedondegeneratedhyperexponential
distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.3.4 Waitingtimeapproximationbasedongammadistribution . . . . . . 179
9.4 DelayDFApproximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.5 AccuracyofGammaandH Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2
9.5.1 Approximationforhighpriorityclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.5.2 Approximationformediumandlowpriorityclasses . . . . . . . . . 184
9.6 ImpactofPercentileRequirementsonSystemCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
10 Epilog:ResultofWRC-07 193
HitoshiYoshino
Appendices 199
AppendixA DerivationofFormulasbyQueueingTheory 201
HideakiTakagi
A.1 Erlang-BFormulaforaLossSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
A.2 Erlang-CFormulaforaDelaySystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
CONTENTS ix
A.3 MultidimensionalErlang-BFormula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
A.3.1 Twoclassesofcallswithsingleserveroccupation . . . . . . . . . . . 207
A.3.2 Severalclassesofcallswithmultipleserveroccupation . . . . . . . . 211
A.4 M/G/1NonpreemptivePriorityQueue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
AppendixB ExampleMarketStudyParameterValues 219
AppendixC ListofAcronymsandSymbols 227
C.1 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
C.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
AppendixD ITU-RDocumentsandWebSites 241
D.1 ITU-RRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
D.2 ITU-RReports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
D.3 OtherITU-RDocuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
D.4 WebSites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Bibliography 245
Index 247
About the Series Editors
Xuemin (Sherman) Shen (M’97-SM’02) received a B.Sc degree in
electricalengineeringfromDalianMaritimeUniversity,Chinain1982,
and M.Sc and Ph.D degrees (both in electrical engineering) from
Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA, in 1987 and 1990, respectively.
He is a Professor and University Research Chair, and the Associate
Chair for Graduate Studies, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada. His research focuses on
mobility and resource management in interconnected wireless/wired
networks, UWB wireless communications systems, wireless security,
and ad hoc and sensor networks. He is a co-author of three books, and has published
more than 300 papers and book chapters in wireless communications and networks,
control and filtering. Dr Shen serves as a Founding Area Editor for IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications; Editor-in-Chief for Peer-to-Peer Networking and Application;
Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology; KICS/IEEE Journal
of Communications and Networks, Computer Networks; ACM/Wireless Networks; and
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (Wiley), etc. He has also served as
GuestEditorforIEEEJSAC, IEEEWirelessCommunications,and IEEECommunications
Magazine. Dr Shen received the Excellent Graduate Supervision Award in 2006, and the
Outstanding Performance Award in 2004 from the University of Waterloo, the Premier’s
ResearchExcellenceAward(PREA)in2003fromtheProvinceofOntario,Canada,andthe
Distinguished Performance Award in 2002 from the Faculty of Engineering, University of
Waterloo.DrShenisaregisteredProfessionalEngineerofOntario,Canada.
DrYiPanistheChairandaProfessorintheDepartmentofComputer
Science at Georgia State University, USA. Dr Pan received his B.Eng
andM.EngdegreesincomputerengineeringfromTsinghuaUniversity,
China,in1982and1984,respectively,andhisPh.Ddegreeincomputer
science from the University of Pittsburgh, USA, in 1991. Dr Pan’s
research interests include parallel and distributed computing, optical
networks,wirelessnetworks,andbioinformatics.DrPanhaspublished
morethan100journalpaperswithover30paperspublishedinvarious
IEEEjournals.Inaddition,hehaspublishedover130papersinrefereed
conferences (including IPDPS, ICPP, ICDCS, INFOCOM, and GLOBECOM). He has
also co-edited over 30 books. Dr Pan has served as an editor-in-chief or an editorial