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specification for structural steel buildings 2010 PDF

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Preview specification for structural steel buildings 2010

ANSI/AISC 360-10 An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings June 22, 2010 Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated March 9, 2005 and all previous versions of this specification Approved by the AISC Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700 Chicago, Illinois 60601-1802 AISC © 2010 by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC. The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recog- nized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–iii PREFACE (This Preface is not part of ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, but is included for informational purposes only.) This Specification is based upon past successful usage, advances in the state of knowledge, and changes in design practice. The 2010 American Institute of Steel Construction’s Specification for Structural Steel Buildings provides an integrated treatment of allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD), and replaces earlier Specifications. As indicated in Chapter B of the Specification, designs can be made accord- ing to either ASD or LRFD provisions. This Specification has been developed as a consensus document to provide a uniform practice in the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures. The intention is to pro- vide design criteria for routine use and not to provide specific criteria for infrequently encountered problems, which occur in the full range of structural design. This Specification is the result of the consensus deliberations of a committee of structural engineers with wide experience and high professional standing, representing a wide geo- graphical distribution throughout the United States. The committee includes approximately equal numbers of engineers in private practice and code agencies, engineers involved in research and teaching, and engineers employed by steel fabricating and producing compa- nies. The contributions and assistance of more than 50 additional professional volunteers working in ten task committees are also hereby acknowledged. The Symbols, Glossary and Appendices to this Specification are an integral part of the Specification. A non-mandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background for the Specification provisions and the user is encouraged to consult it. Additionally, non- mandatory User Notes are interspersed throughout the Specification to provide concise and practical guidance in the application of the provisions. The reader is cautioned that professional judgment must be exercised when data or rec- ommendations in the Specification are applied, as described more fully in the disclaimer notice preceding this Preface. This Specification was approved by the Committee on Specifications: James M. Fisher, Chairman Louis F. Geschwindner Edward E. Garvin, Vice Chairman Lawrence G. Griffis Hansraj G. Ashar John L. Gross William F. Baker Jerome F. Hajjar John M. Barsom Patrick M. Hassett William D. Bast Tony C. Hazel Reidar Bjorhovde Mark V. Holland Roger L. Brockenbrough Ronald J. Janowiak Gregory G. Deierlein Richard C. Kaehler Bruce R. Ellingwood Lawrence A. Kloiber Michael D. Engelhardt Lawrence F. Kruth Shu-Jin Fang Jay W. Larson Steven J. Fenves Roberto T. Leon John W. Fisher James O. Malley Theodore V. Galambos Sanjeev R. Malushte Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–iv PREFACE David L. McKenzie Robert E. Shaw, Jr. Duane K. Miller Donald R. Sherman Larry S. Muir W. Lee Shoemaker Thomas M. Murray William A. Thornton R. Shankar Nair Raymond H. R. Tide Jack E. Petersen Chia-Ming Uang Douglas A. Rees-Evans Donald W. White Thomas A. Sabol Cynthia J. Duncan, Secretary The Committee gratefully acknowledges the following task committee members and staff for their contribution to this document: Allen Adams Brent Leu Farid Alfawakhiri J. Walter Lewis Susan Burmeister William Lindley Bruce M. Butler Stanley Lindsey Charles J. Carter LeRoy Lutz Helen Chen Bonnie Manley Bernard Cvijanovic Peter Marshall Robert Disque Margaret Matthew Carol Drucker Curtis L. Mayes W. Samuel Easterling William McGuire Duane Ellifritt Saul Mednick Marshall T. Ferrell James Milke Christopher M. Foley Heath Mitchell Steven Freed Patrick Newman Fernando Frias Jeffrey Packer Nancy Gavlin Frederick Palmer Amanuel Gebremeskel Dhiren Panda Rodney D. Gibble Teoman Pekoz Subhash Goel Clarkson Pinkham Arvind Goverdhan Thomas Poulos Kurt Gustafson Christopher Raebel Tom Harrington Thomas D. Reed Todd Helwig Clinton Rex Richard Henige Benjamin Schafer Stephen Herlache Thomas Schlafly Steve Herth Monica Stockmann Keith Hjelmstad James Swanson Nestor Iwankiw Steven J. Thomas William P. Jacobs, V Emile Troup Matthew Johann Brian Uy Daniel Kaufman Amit H. Varma Keith Landwehr Sriramulu Vinnakota Barbara Lane Ralph Vosters Michael Lederle Robert Weber Roberto Leon Michael A. West Andres Lepage Ronald D. Ziemian Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–v TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii SPECIFICATION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Nuclear Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A3. Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Structural Steel Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1a. ASTM Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1b. Unidentified Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1c. Rolled Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1d. Built-Up Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Bolts, Washers and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Consumables for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A4. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B2. Loads and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B3. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Required Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. Limit States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. Design for Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD) . . . . . . . . 11 5. Design for Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Design of Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6a. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6b. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. Moment Redistribution in Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Diaphragms and Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. Design for Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10. Design for Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11. Design for Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Design for Fire Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 13. Design for Corrosion Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14. Anchorage to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 B4. Member Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1a. Unstiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1b. Stiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Design Wall Thickness for HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3. Gross and Net Area Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3a. Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3b. Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B5. Fabrication and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B6. Quality Control and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B7. Evaluation of Existing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C1. General Stability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1. Direct Analysis Method of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. Alternative Methods of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C2. Calculation of Required Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1. General Analysis Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. Consideration of Initial Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2a. Direct Modeling of Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2b. Use of Notional Loads to Represent Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3. Adjustments to Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 C3. Calculation of Available Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 D. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 D1. Slenderness Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 D2. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 D3. Effective Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D4. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D5. Pin-Connected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D6. Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 E. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 E1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 E2. Effective Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E3. Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 E5. Single Angle Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1–vii E6. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E7. Members with Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1. Slender Unstiffened Elements, Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 s 2. Slender Stiffened Elements, Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 a F. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 F1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 F3. Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members With Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 F4. Other I-Shaped Members With Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members With Slender Webs Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 F6. I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Minor Axis . . . . . . . . . . 55 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Web Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 F8. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 F9. Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3. Flange Local Buckling of Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4. Local Buckling of Tee Stems in Flexural Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–viii TABLE OF CONTENTS F10. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3. Leg Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 F11. Rectangular Bars and Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 F13. Proportions of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 1. Strength Reductions for Members With Holes in the Tension Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2. Proportioning Limits for I-Shaped Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3. Cover Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4. Built-Up Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5. Unbraced Length for Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 G1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 G2. Members With Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1. Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 G3. Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1. Limits on the Use of Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2. Shear Strength With Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 G4. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 G5. Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 G6. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 G7. Weak Axis Shear in Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 G8. Beams and Girders with Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 H1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3. Doubly Symmetric Rolled Compact Members Subject to Single Axis Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1–ix H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 H3. Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1. Round and Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2. HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3. Non-HSS Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Stress . . . . . . . . 79 H4. Rupture of Flanges With Holes Subject to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 I. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 I1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1. Concrete and Steel Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2. Nominal Strength of Composite Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2a. Plastic Stress Distribution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2b. Strain Compatibility Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3. Material Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4. Classification of Filled Composite Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . 83 I2. Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1e. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 I3. Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1a. Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1b. Strength During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2. Composite Beams With Steel Headed Stud or Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2a. Positive Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2b. Negative Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2c. Composite Beams With Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 2d. Load Transfer Between Steel Beam and Concrete Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4b. Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION 16.1–x TABLE OF CONTENTS I4. Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1. Filled and Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2. Composite Beams With Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 I5. Combined Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 I6. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2. Force Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2a. External Force Applied to Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2b. External Force Applied to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2c. External Force Applied Concurrently to Steel and Concrete . . . . . . . . . 94 3. Force Transfer Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3a. Direct Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3b. Shear Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3c. Direct Bond Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4a. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4b. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 I7. Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 I8. Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2. Steel Anchors in Composite Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2a. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2b. Strength of Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2c. Required Number of Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2d. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3. Steel Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 3a. Shear Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3b. Tensile Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3c. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors for Interaction of Shear and Tension in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3d. Shear Strength of Steel Channel Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3e. Detailing Requirements in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 I9. Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 J. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 J1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 1. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. Compression Members With Bearing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5. Splices in Heavy Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010 AMERICANINSTITUTEOFSTEELCONSTRUCTION

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