Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and PDF
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United States Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Department of Agriculture Natural Resources and Forest Service Environmental Sciences: Rocky Mountain Second International Symposium Forest and Range Experiment Station Fort Collins, May 21-23,1996 Colorado 80526 Fort Collins, Colorado General Technical Report RM-GTR-277 H. Todd Mowrer, Raymond L. Czaplewski, R. H. Hamre Abstract Mowrer, H. Todd; Czaplewski, Raymond L.; Hamre, R. H. tech coords. 1996. Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: Second International Symposium. May 21-23, 1996. General Technical Report RM-GTR-277. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 728 p. This international symposium on theory and techniques for assessing the accuracy of spatial data and spatial analyses included more than ninety presen- tations by representatives from government, academic, and private institutions in over twenty countries throughout the world. To encourage interactions across disciplines, presentations in the general subject areas of spatial statistics, geo- graphic information systems, remote sensing, and multidisciplinary approaches were intermixed throughout the three days of sessions. Primary Sponsor Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Fort Collins, Colorado Endorsing Organizations International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO): Sections 4.01,4.02,4.11, and 4.12 American Statistical Association: Section on Statistics and the Environment National Center for Geographic Information Analysis International Biometric Society American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: CIS Division, European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories: Special Interest Group on Landuse Planning and Forestry United States Environmental Protection Agency Copies of this publication may be obtained by the following methods: E-mail: /s=r.schneider/[email protected] Phone: (970)4 98-17 1 9 FAX: (970)4 98-16 60 Attn: Publications Mail: Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 3825 East Mulberry Street Fort Collins, CO 80524-8597 USDA Forest Service May 1996 General Technical Report RM-GTR-277 Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: Second International Symposium Technical Coordinators: H. Todd Mowrer, Raymond L. Czaplewski, R. H. Hamre Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station1 'Headquarters is in Fort Collins, in cooperation with Colorado State University. Preface This Second International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences follows two years after the first symposium in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, chaired by Dr. James L. Smith. We hope to maintain and build on the spirit of open discussion and considerate but honest evaluation that Jim engendered throughout the Williamsburg Symposium. It is apparent fiom the size of these proceedings that spatial accuracy assessment is an area of increasing effort and importance. Within the past decade, we have developed extensive spatial databases and have begun to realize their potential. We have now reached a point of maturity in spatial analyses where we must routinely evaluate the quality of those data sets, and the consequent reliability of the end-products of their use. Spatial data, and model predictions of spatial attributes, are becoming widely recognized as necessary support for intelligent decisions in resource management and environmental protection. Decision-makers and their staffs are becoming more accountable for evaluation of the quality of spatial data and model predictions, upon which policy analyses, strategic plans, and risk assessments are built. Objective evaluations of spatial accuracy are necessary to compare alternative technologies and competing models. Such comparisons speed improvement in our knowledge and in the state-of-the-art. In order to hrther the informed use of spatial data and to improve data quality, the natural resource and environmental science communities must use a multidisciplinary approach, drawing fiom the methodologies presented here. We have attempted to build upon the theme of the first symposium, "unlocking the puzzle," through the logo of puzzle pieces used on the cover of these proceedings, indicating the many techniques and subject areas that must be intermeshed to produce a coherent picture of spatial accuracy assessment. The Steering Committee wishes to express our deep appreciation to Robert H. Harnre, retired Station Editor, who kindly volunteered his services to professionally format these proceedings. Bob has generously and cheerfblly given the proceedings a level of quality that otherwise would not have been within our resources. The papers included in these proceedings were produced in camera-ready format by the individual authors, who have sole responsibility for their content. By virtue of their effort, participation, and support, it is our hope that these proceedings may provide a significant contribution to hrther the recognition and development of spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences. Contents Page Spatial Statistics ....................................... Statistical modeling of environmental data in space and time Noel Cressie .............. A case study in geostatistical modeling for petroleum reservoir description J@ey M. Yarus, J@y A. May, and Timothy C. Coburn ..................................................................... An overview of stochastic spatial simulation R. Mohan Srivastava ........................................................................ Choosing and using simulation algorithms Donald E. Myers ...................................................................... The components of geostatistical simulation Carol A. Gotway and Brian M. Rutheqord A general method for the efficient selection of sampling locations for problems .............................................................................................. in environmental restoration Brian M. RutherJord Consideration of spatial variability in the management of non-point source .................................................................................................... pollution to groundwater W.W oldt, F. Goderya, M. Dahab, and I. Bogardi Incorporating soil variability into a spatially distributed model of percolate ............................................................................................................................... accounting Andrew S. Xogowski ............... Response of a watershed model to varying spatial landscape chactesristics Dennis P. Swaney, Wen Ling Kuo, David A. Weinstein, Charles Mohler, Stephen DeGloria, Chris Pelkie, Fuan Tsai, Tammo S. Steenhuis, and Charles E. McCulloch ...................... Understanding the spatial distribution of tree species in Pennsylvania Rachel Riemann Hershey A calibration-based model for correcting area estimates from coarse resolution ....................................................................................................................... land cover data Aaron Moody Geostatistical analysis of multi-spatial resolution imaging spectrometer data for ........................................................................................ characterizing forest ecosystems Paul M. Treitz and Philip J. Howarth Application of multiscale modeling for characterizing variability in hydrologic ................................................................................................................................. processes Praveen Kumar Flow based scale-up of heterogeneous porous media using homogenization and ......................................................................................................... wavelet representation Joe Koebbe and Ryan Thomas Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models allowing stochastic downscaling of ................................. synoptic atmospheric patterns to local hydrologic phenomena Peter Guttorp and James P. Hughes Explicit consideration of multiple landscape scales while selecting ................................................................................................................. spatial resolutions John B. Collins and Curtis E. Woodcock iii ....................................... Using trend surface methodology to compare spatial surfaces Dale Zimmerman, Zhi-Jun Liu, and George Hallberg ......................... The effect of spatial covariance heterogeneity on prediction variance J. Andrew Royle and Doug Nychka Further explorations of relationships between semi-variogram and ........................................................................................ spatial autoregressive models Daniel A. Grflth, Larry J. Lane, and Philip G. Doyle A gamma-function model for d-variate spectra and cross-spectra for large scale ........................ frequency domain simulation of stationary random functions in Rn Leon F. Borgman and John W.K ern Computing the area affected by phosphorus runoff in an Everglades wetland .............................................................................. using Bayesian and universal kriging Song S. Qian Mapping synecological coordinates: a spatial analysis of environmental .......................................................................................... indices in a forested landscape Margaret R. Holdaway and Gary J. Brand ......... On the robustness of the data assimilation methods in air pollution modeling X. F. Zhang and A. W.H eemink Geographic Information Systems .................................................. The development of a GIs information quality module Jane Drummond, Allan Brown, Du Daosheng, Corne' van Elzakker .................................... Communication of uncertainty in spatial data to policy makers Morwenna Spear, Jane Hall, and Richard Wadsworth ...................... Measuring the performance of algorithms for generating ground slope William H. Ryder and Demetra E. Voyadgis ................................. Experimental development of a model of vector data uncertainty G. J. Hunter, J.Hock, M. Robey, and M. F. Goodchild A user-friendly tool for error modelling and error propagation in a ................................................................................................................... GIs environment Frank Forier and Frank Canters Discrete polygons or a continuous surface: which is the appropriate way to ......................................................................................... model forests cartographically? Kim Lowell ................................................ Choosing between abrupt and gradual spatial variation? Gerard B. M. Heuvelink and Johan A. Huisman ................................................................. Stratified kriging using vague transition zones G. Boucneau, M. Van Meirvenne, 0. Thas, and G. Hofman ......................................... The effect of uncertain locations on disease cluster statistics GeoffreyM . Jacquez and Lance A. Waller ................................ Reliability of area mapping by delineation in aerial photographs Claus-Peter Gross and Petra Adler ........................ The effect of database generalization on the accuracy of the viewshed Peter Fisher Modeling slope stability uncertainty: a case study at the H. J. Andrews ................................................................. Long-Term Ecological Research Site, Oregon Michelle L. Murillo and Gary J. Hunter (Continued) .................................................... An accuracy assessment of a spatial bioclimatic model D. W.M cKenney, B. G. Mackey, M. F. Hutchinson, and R. A. Sims .................................. An assessment of the horizontal accuracy of interim terrain data L. A. Fatale, J. A. Messmore, and J. R. Ackeret .......................... Acquisition of spatial data by forest management agencies: a review Michael J. C. Weir Attribute and positional accuracy assessment of the Murray Darling Basin ................................................................................................................... project, Australia R. W.F itzgerald, K. T. Ritman, and A. Lewis .................................................... A new method for evaluating positional map accuracy Michael Lodin and David Skea ...................................................... Exploring spatial confidence with a raster-based GIs Matthew H. Pelkki ........................ GPS-located accuracy assessment plots on the Modoc National Forest Kevin Casey A method for measuring the spatial accuracy of coordinates collected using ............................................................................................ the global positioning system Thomas Owens and David McConville ........... GPS vs. traditional methods of data imput: improving spatial data accuracy? Russell Combs, Jr., James L. Smith, and Paul V.B olstad Remote Sensing Large scale tropical forest change monitoring using multiple resolution ............ satellite data: from hot spot detection to global deforestation assessment? Hervi Jeanjean, Fridiric Achard, and Jean-Paul Malingreau Optimum area sampling frame using high resolution satallite images with operational objective: how to conciliate statistical requirements and ..................................................................................................................... practical aspects Hilkne De Boissezon and Hervk Jeanjean .......... The use of AVHRR satellite imagery to monitor boreal ecosystem forest fires Donald R. Cahoon, Jr., and Brian J. Stocks Large area forest cover assessment: effects of misregistration in a double ....................... sampling approach with coarse and high resolution satellite images Ckristoph Kleinn, Berthold Traub, and Matthias Dees ........................................................ Linear mixture modeling with autocorrelated errors Jayantha Ediriwickrema, Siamak Khorram, Marcia Gumpertz, and John Brockhaus Validation process of the USGS seasonal land cover regions of the ................................................................................................ conterminous United States Zkiliang Zhu, Donald 0 .O hlen, Raymond L. Czaplewski, and Robert E. Burgan Investigation of possible contributions NDVI's have to misclassification in .......................................................................................................... AVHRR data analysis David L. Evans and Raymond L. Czaplewski Measures of association and agreement for describing land cover ......................................................................................................... characterization classes Eugene A. Fosnight and Gary W.F owler ...................... Forest spatial surveys using the Rao-Hartley-Cochran sampling design J@ey S. Pontius Increasing spatial precision and accuracy for monitoring peatlands in ..................................................................... Switzerland by remote sensing techniques Michael Kohl, Hans Jorg Schnellbiicher, and Andreas Griinig ................................................ Spatial and temporal models in contextual classification Bo Ranneby Generalized linear mixed models for analyzing error in a satellite-based ........................................................................................................ vegetation map of Utah Gretchen G. Moisen, D. Richard Cutler, and Thomas C. Edwards, Jr. Statistical properties of measures of association and the kappa statistic for ................ assessing the acccuracy of remotely sensed data using double sampling Mohammed A. Kalkhan, Robin M. Reich, and Raymond L. Czaplewski .... Comparing methods used to combine multi-level samples of compositional data Murray Todd Williams Cost-effective, practical sampling strategies for accuracy assessment of ..................................................................................................... large-area thematic maps Stephen V. Stehman ... Spatial and probabilistic classification of forest structures using landsat TM data Jeffrey L. Moffett and Julian Besag .......................................................... Total error estimation in a spatial database for GIs Jose Alberto Quintanilha and Marcos Rodrigues ........................................ Assessing the accuracy of a regional land cover classification William Clerke, Raymond Czaplewski, J4J Campbell, and Janet Fahringer ....................................... Sampling satellite images for area estimates in a large region F. J. Gallego Cooperative accuracy assessment strategies for sampling a natural landcover .................................................................................................................... map of Arkansas Robert S. Dzur, Michael E. Garner, Kimberly G. Smith, W.F redrick Limp, Donald G. Catanzaro, and Richard L. Thompson Multidisciplinary ....................................................................... Fuzzy measures in multi-criteria evaluation J. Ronald Eastman and Hong Jiang ........ On roles and goals for map accuracy assessment: a remote sensing perspective Curtis E. Woodcock Integration of inventory and field data for automated fuzzy accuracy assessment of large scale remote-sensing derived vegetation maps in ..................................................................................................... Region 5 national forests ]#A. Milliken and Curtis E. Woodcock .................................................................... Uncertainty of spatial metric relations in GIs Xiaoyong Chen, Takeshi Doihara, and Mitsuru Nasu ............................................................. Plot collocation error: impacts on area estimation Willem W. S. van Hees Sensitivity of landscape pattern metrics to misclassification and differences ................................................................................................... in land cover composition James D. Wickham, Robert V.O 'Neill, Kurt H. Riitters, Timothy G. Wade, and K. Bruce Jones Spatial (in)consistency of watershed delineations among agencies and scales in .......................................................................................................................... Pennsylvania 561 Wayne L. Myers, Barry M. Evans, and Michael C. Anderson (Continued) Communicating the results of accuracy assessment: Metadata, ditital libraries, ............................................................................................... and assessing fitness for use Michael F. Goodchild ............................................ Covariate-directed sampling for assessing species richness G. P. Patil, Glen Johnson, and Matteo Grigoletto Data accuracy to data quality: using spatial statistics to predict the implications ............................................................................................... of spatial error in point data Adam Lewis and Michael F. Hutchinson Moving into secondary map projections: an analysis of potential inconsistencies ......................................................................................................................... in spatial data Mohamad N. Said and Peter F. Fisher ..................... Filling in missing forestry data: exploring autocorrelational techniques Alissa N. Antle and Peter L. Marshall Optimizing sampling schemes for mappping and dredging polluted ...................................................................................................................... sediment layers L. Hazelhoffand F. Ho$sloot ............................................... Forest cover monitoring in India: the satellite experience J. B. La1 ......... Study about the use of SPOT data for estimation of pastoral areas in Morocco Philippe Brion The influence of vegetation cover density and topographic parameters on the ...... thermal emission of the beech forests of Simbruini Mountains (central Italy) Carlo Ricotta, Giancarlo Avena, and Fernando Ferri Application of non-parametric kernel regression and nearest-neighbor regression ........................................................................ for generalizing sample tree information Annika Kangas and Kari T. Korhonen A method for assessing the prediction quality of mechanistic forest ....................................................................................................................... growth models Biing T. Guan, George Gertner, and Pablo Parysow .................. Statistical analysis of error propagation in national level carbon budgets C. J. Cieszewski, D. P. Turner, and D. L. Phillips ........................................ Monte Carlo simulations of nonlinear size-age relationships Ronald E. McRoberts ....................................................... Cross-correlations among single tree growth models Hubert Hasenauer, Robert A. Monserud, and Timothy G. Gregoire Genetics, geographics, and prairie dogs: error and accuracy in a validated ..................................................................................... spatially-explicit dispersal model Gillian Bowser Effect of uncertainty in mapped biodiversity data on optimal conservation ................................................................................................................................. decisions Michael J. Conroy and Jennqer E. Crocker Sensitivity analysis of species richness mapping to variations in forest-wildlife ........................................................................................................................... relationships Tom Kohley ................................... Development of a survey sampling methodolgy for rare species Molly Van Caster, David Bowden, and JenniJer Hoeting ..................................... Methods to analyse the spatial structure of plant communities Paul Braun, Heiko Balzter, and Wovgang Kahler .................................................. Modeling population dynamics with cellular automata Heiko Baltzer, Paul Braun, and Wolfgang Kohler vii Posters Inconsistency of line convolution as a quality factor in them aintenance of ................................................................................................................... spatial databases Michael J. C. Weir ................................................................. Lead-based paint survey data: spatial variation Tze-San Lee ......................... Uncertainty of spatially-averaged rainfall estimates from rain gauges Jeffrey R. McCollum and Witold F. Krajewski ................................... Defining urban settlements: certainties regarding uncertainties Mahavir and Sahar Al-Amir .......................................... Spatial dependence of tree biomass in an old-growth forest Franco Biondi and Donald E. Myers Sensibility and uncertainty analyses of an expert system to determine .................................................................................................................... stand treatments Otto Eckmuellner and Martin Moser Stratified two-stage sampling (self-weighted) for assessment of village ........................................................................................... forest resources in Bangladesh S. S. Islam ................................................. Modelling animal movements within a GIs framework J. Joachim, G. Janeau, and F. Spitz .................................................................. Evaluation of forest condition assessment data F. Mitterbock and 0. Eckmullner Application of remote sensing technology in assessing village wood ...................................................................................................... resources in Bangladesh Jamil Ahmed Chowdhury ......................................................................... Quality evaluation services on the Internet Anders dstman ............................................... Assessing attainment of standard by two stage sampling Debashis Kushary Site positioning accuracies using GPS: Y-code receivers and real-time ............................................................................................................... differential options Karl E. Brown Statistical models of landscape pattern and the effects of coarse resolution of ............................................................................ satellite imagery on estimation of area Christine A. Hlavka ............................................................................................................................... Author index viii
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