Spanish: An Essential Grammar

343 Pages·2004·2.49 MB·English

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12111 Spanish: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference
3 guide to the most important aspects of Spanish.
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It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language as it is spoken
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both in Europe and Latin America. The book sets out the complexities of
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Spanish in short, readable sections, and explanations are clear and free
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from jargon.
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9 The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of
20111 Spanish. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in
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Features include:
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• Clear distinctions between the essential and basic aspects of Spanish
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grammar and those that are more complex
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• Full use of authentic examples
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• Simple explanations of areas that customarily pose problems for
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English speakers
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• Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information
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Peter T. Bradley is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History and Ian
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Mackenzie is Senior Lecturer in Spanish, both at Newcastle University.
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Routledge Essential Grammars 1111
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Essential Grammars are available for the following languages: 3
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Chinese 5
Danish 6
Dutch 7
English 8
Finnish 9
Greek 1011
Hungarian 1
Modern Hebrew 12111
Norwegian 3
Polish 4
Portuguese 5
Spanish 6
Swedish 7
Thai 8
Urdu 9
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Other titles of related interest published by Routledge: 1
2
Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide, Second Edition 3
By Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain 4
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Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook, Second Edition 6
By Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Irene Wilkie 7
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Colloquial Spanish 9
By Untza Otaola Alday 30111
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Colloquial Spanish 2 2
By Untza Otaola Alday 3
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An Essential Grammar
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First published 2004 12111
by Routledge
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11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
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by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 6
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
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© 2004 Peter T. Bradley and Ian Mackenzie
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced 1
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
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now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
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or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers. 4
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 5
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 6
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 7
Bradley, Peter T., 1943– 8
Spanish: an essential grammar/Peter T. Bradley and Ian Mackenzie.
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p. cm. – (Routledge Essential grammars)
Includes index. 30111
1. Spanish language–Grammar. I. Mackenzie, I.E., 1965– II. Title. 1
III. Series: Essential grammar.
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PC4112.B63 2004
468.2′421–dc22 2003020645 3
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ISBN 0-203-49729-5 Master e-book ISBN 5
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ISBN 0-203-57133-9 (Adobe eReader Format)
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ISBN 0–415–28642–5 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–28643–3 (pbk) 9
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Contents
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12111 Preface xiii
3 Acknowledgement xv
4 Symbols xvi
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6 Chapter 1 The alphabet, pronunciation, stress,
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1.1 The alphabet 1
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1.2 Pronunciation 2
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1.3 Stress and written accents 6
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1.4 Spelling – capital letters 9
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1.5 Punctuation 11
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Chapter 2 Nouns 13
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6 2.1 Plural forms of nouns 13
7 2.2 Gender 18
8 2.3 Collective nouns and agreement 26
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Chapter 3 Definite and indefinite articles 27
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3.1 Forms of the articles 27
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3.2 The definite article 29
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3.3 The indefinite article 36
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3.4 The neuter article lo 40
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6 Chapter 4 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns 43
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4.1 Demonstrative adjectives 43
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4.2 Masculine and feminine demonstrative pronouns 45
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4.3 Neuter demonstrative pronouns 46
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Chapter 5 Possessive adjectives 47 1111
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5.1 Possessive adjectives before the noun 47
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5.2 Possessive adjectives after the noun 48
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5.3 Definite and neuter articles with possessives 49
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5.4 Avoidance of ambiguity with su/sus and suyo/a/os/as 49
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5.5 Parts of the body and personal effects 50
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5.6 Possessive adjectives with adverbs and prepositions 50
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Chapter 6 Adjectives 52 9
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6.1 Gender 52
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6.2 Singular and plural of adjectives 55
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6.3 Shortening of adjectives 56
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6.4 Position of adjectives 57
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6.5 Translating English ‘un-’ + adjective 61
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6.6 Verb + adjective sequences 62
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Chapter 7 Adverbs 63 7
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7.1 Adverbs ending in -mente 63
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7.2 Adverbs not ending in -mente 65
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7.3 Adverbial phrases 68
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7.4 Adjectives used as adverbs 69
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Chapter 8 Personal pronouns 70
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8.1 Subject pronouns 72 5
8.2 Direct and indirect object pronouns 74 6
8.3 Prepositional object pronouns 77 7
8.4 Reflexive pronouns 78 8
8.5 The position and order of personal pronouns 80 9
8.6 Use of le(s) in place of lo(s) and la(s) 82 30111
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Chapter 9 Indefinite adjectives, pronouns and
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adverbs 84
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9.1 Algo 84 4
9.2 Alguien 85 5
9.3 Alguno 85 6
9.4 Uno 86 7
9.5 Mucho, poco 87 8
9.6 Bastante, suficiente 88 9
9.7 Varios 88 40
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Contents
2 9.10 Cualquiera 92
3 9.11 Ambos/as 93
4 9.12 Cada 93
5 9.13 Solo 94
6 9.14 Demás 94
7 9.15 Cierto 95
8 9.16 Tal, semejante 95
9 9.17 Otro 96
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Chapter 10 Verb forms 97
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3 10.2 Imperative 112
4 10.3 Imperfect tense 114
5 10.4 Preterite tense 115
6 10.5 Imperfect subjunctive 120
7 10.6 Future and conditional tenses 121
8 10.7 Future subjunctive 121
9 10.8 Non-finite forms 122
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1 10.10 Progressive or continuous tenses 126
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3 Chapter 11 Uses of tenses 128
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11.1 Simple tenses 128
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11.2 Compound tenses 135
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11.3 Progressive or continuous tenses 139
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11.4 Expressions of time with hacer, desde and llevar 141
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11.5 Verbs like gustar 143
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30111 Chapter 12 The subjunctive mood 145
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12.1 Subjunctive in subordinate queclauses 145
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12.2 Subjunctive required by certain subordinating
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conjunctions 153
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12.3 Subjunctive in main clauses 157
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12.4 The sequence of tenses – which subjunctive tense
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to use 158
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12.5 Additional uses of the -ra form of the imperfect
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subjunctive 159
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12.6 The future subjunctive 160
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Chapter 13 Conditional clauses 161 1111
Contents
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13.1 Use of the subjunctive after si 161
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13.2 Indicative tenses after si 162
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13.3 Conditional sentences without si 164
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Chapter 14 Reflexive verbs 165 6
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14.1 Formation of reflexive verbs 165
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14.2 Reflexive verbs with a reflexive meaning 166
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14.3 Reflexive verbs with a reciprocal meaning 166
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14.4 Reflexive verbs with an indirect object pronoun 167
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14.5 Se as an indefinite subject 168
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14.6 Reflexive verbs ‘to get/have something done’ 168
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14.7 Verbs reflexive in form but not in meaning 168
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14.8 Transitive verbs used reflexively with intransitive
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meaning 169
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14.9 Verbs of becoming 171
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14.10 Emphatic reflexive verbs 172
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Chapter 15 Passive constructions 176 9
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15.1 Serand estarwith the past participle 176
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15.2 Alternatives to passive constructions 177
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Chapter 16 Modal auxiliary verbs 182 3
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16.1 Deber 182
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16.2 Tener que 183
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16.3 Haber 184
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16.4 Querer 184
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16.5 Poder 185
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16.6 Saber 187
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16.7 Soler 187
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Chapter 17 Infinitive constructions 188 2
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17.1 Finite verb + infinitive 188
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17.2 Prepositions + infinitive 189
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17.3 Infinitives in impersonal constructions 194
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17.4 An infinitive as the subject of a verb 194
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17.5 An infinitive with an explicit subject 195
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17.6 The infinitive as a verbal noun 196
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18.1 Basic use of the gerund 197
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18.2 Gerund and main verb with different subjects 198
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18.3 Gerund in place of a relative clause 198
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18.4 Gerund with certain verbs 199
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18.5 Cases where the gerund is not used 200
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8 Chapter 19 Commands 202
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19.1 Forms of the imperative 202
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19.2 Commands which use the present subjunctive 205
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19.3 Alternative ways of expressing commands 207
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20.1 Situations which demand ser 209
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20.2 Situations which demand estar 211
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20.3 Ser and estar with adjectives 211
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20.4 Ser and estar with past participles 214
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20.5 Special uses of estar 214
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20111 Chapter 21 Prepositions 215
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21.1 A 215
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21.2 Antes de, ante, delante de 220
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21.3 Bajo, debajo de 220
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21.4 Con 221
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21.5 Contra, en contra de 222
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21.6 De 222
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21.7 Dentro de, fuera de 224
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21.8 Desde 225
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21.9 Detrás de, tras 225
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21.10 En, encima de, sobre 226
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21.11 Enfrente de, frente a 228
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21.12 Entre 229
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21.13 Hacia, hasta 229
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21.14 Según 230
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21.15 Sin 231
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21.16 Combinations of prepositions 231
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21.17 Cuando and donde used as prepositions 232
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