Spacecraft Systems Engineering (Aerospace Series)

710 Pages·2011·75.67 MB·English

by  Peter Fortescue

SPACECRAFT
SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
SPACECRAFT
SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
FourthEdition
Editedby
Peter Fortescue
UniversityofSouthampton,UK
Graham Swinerd
UniversityofSouthampton,UK
John Stark
QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
©2011,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
FirstEditionpublishedin1991,SecondEditionpublishedin1995,ThirdEditionpublishedin2003
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Spacecraftsystemsengineering/editedbyPeterFortescue,GrahamSwinerd,JohnStark.—4thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-75012-4 (hardback)
1. Spacevehicles—Designandconstruction. 2. Astronautics—Systemsengineering.
I. Fortescue,PeterW. II. Swinerd,Graham. III. Stark,John.
TL875.S682011
629.47(cid:2)4—dc22
2011015486
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:9780470750124
ePDFISBN:9781119971016
oBookISBN:9781119971009
ePubISBN:9781119978367
MobiISBN:9781119978374
Setin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India.
Dedicated to the memory of
Nicky Skinner
1978–2011
CONTENTS
ListofContributors xiii
PrefacetotheFourthEdition xv
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xix
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxi
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xxiii
ListofAcronyms xxv
1 INTRODUCTION
JohnP.W.Stark,GrahamG.SwinerdandAdrianR.L.Tatnall
1.1 PayloadsandMissions 3
1.2 ASystemViewofSpacecraft 4
1.3 TheFuture 9
2 THESPACECRAFTENVIRONMENTANDITSEFFECTONDESIGN
JohnP.W.Stark
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Pre-OperationalSpacecraftEnvironments 11
2.3 OperationalSpacecraftEnvironments 17
2.4 EnvironmentalEffectsonDesign 40
3 DYNAMICSOFSPACECRAFT
PeterW.FortescueandGrahamG.Swinerd
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 TrajectoryDynamics 51
3.3 GeneralAttitudeDynamics 58
3.4 AttitudeMotionofSpecificTypesofSpacecraft 63
3.5 OscillatoryModes 71
3.6 InConclusion 73
Appendix:TheInertiaMatrix 73
4 CELESTIALMECHANICS
JohnP.W.Stark,GrahamG.SwinerdandPeterW.Fortescue
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 TheTwo-bodyProblem—ParticleDynamics 81
4.3 SpecifyingtheOrbit 92
4.4 OrbitPerturbations 93
viii CONTENTS
4.5 RestrictedThree-bodyProblem 106
5 MISSIONANALYSIS
JohnP.W.StarkandGrahamG.Swinerd
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 KeplerianOrbitTransfers 114
5.3 MissionAnalysis 116
5.4 PolarLEO/Remote-SensingSatellites 122
5.5 SatelliteConstellations 127
5.6 GeostationaryEarthOrbits(GEO) 133
5.7 HighlyEllipticOrbits 143
5.8 InterplanetaryMissions 147
6 PROPULSIONSYSTEMS
J.BarrieMossandJohnP.W.Stark
6.1 SystemsClassification 177
6.2 ChemicalRockets 180
6.3 SpacecraftPropulsion 202
6.4 ElectricPropulsion 206
7 LAUNCHVEHICLES
J.BarrieMossandGrahamE.Dorrington
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 BasicLaunchVehiclePerformanceandOperation 222
7.3 SpacecraftLaunchPhasesandMissionPlanning 231
7.4 TheAriane5LaunchVehicle 236
7.5 USCrewedLaunchSystems 239
7.6 SmallLaunchersandReusableSub-OrbitalVehicles 242
7.7 Re-EntryintoEarth’sAtmosphere 244
7.8 SpecificLaunchCostsandReliability 247
8 SPACECRAFTSTRUCTURES
JohnM.Houghton
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 DesignRequirements 251
8.3 MaterialSelection 256
8.4 Analysis 263
8.5 DesignVerification 274
8.6 ImpactProtection 276
8.7 ConfigurationExamples 278
8.8 TheFutureofSpaceStructures 285
9 ATTITUDECONTROL
PeterW.FortescueandGrahamG.Swinerd
9.1 Introduction 289
9.2 ACSOverview 290
CONTENTS ix
9.3 TheSpacecraftAttitudeResponse 294
9.4 TorquesandTorquers 301
9.5 AttitudeMeasurement 309
9.6 ACSComputation 321
10 ELECTRICALPOWERSYSTEMS
JohnP.W.Stark
10.1 Introduction 327
10.2 PowerSystemElements 328
10.3 PrimaryPowerSystems 330
10.4 SecondaryPowerSystems:Batteries 345
10.5 PowerManagement,DistributionandControl 347
10.6 PowerBudget 350
11 THERMALCONTROLOFSPACECRAFT
ChrisJ.Savage
11.1 Introduction 357
11.2 TheThermalEnvironment 358
11.3 ThermalBalance 362
11.4 ThermalAnalysis 366
11.5 ThermalDesign 371
11.6 ThermalTechnology 375
11.7 ThermalDesignVerification 386
11.8 ExampleofSatelliteThermalDesign—XMM/Newton 390
12 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
RayE.SheriffandAdrianR.L.Tatnall
12.1 Introduction 395
12.2 TechniquesofRadioCommunications 400
12.3 TheCommunicationsPayload 422
12.4 Conclusion 436
13 TELEMETRY,COMMAND,DATAHANDLINGANDPROCESSING
NigelP.FilleryandDavidStanton
13.1 Introduction 439
13.2 SystemArchitecture 440
13.3 TelemetryDataFormatting 442
13.4 Telecommand 449
13.5 CommunicationTechniquesandProtocols 455
13.6 On-BoardDataHandling(OBDH)andProcessing 458
13.7 Technology 464
13.8 ToolsandControllingDocuments 466
14 GROUNDSEGMENT
FranckChatel
14.1 Introduction 467
x CONTENTS
14.2 TheGroundStation 468
14.3 FlightDynamics 475
14.4 TheGroundDataSystem 480
14.5 TheFlightOperationsSystem 483
15 SPACECRAFTMECHANISMS
GuglielmoS.Aglietti
15.1 Introduction 495
15.2 One-ShotDevices 497
15.3 ContinuouslyandIntermittentlyOperatingDevices 507
15.4 Components 513
15.5 Materials 520
15.6 Tribology 521
15.7 TestingandVerification 523
15.8 Conclusion 524
16 SPACECRAFTELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITYENGINEERING
KenM.Redford
16.1 Introduction 527
16.2 ExamplesofEMCProblems 528
16.3 EMCSpecifications 528
16.4 ElectromagneticCompatibility—TermsandDefinitions 529
16.5 EMCFundamentals 530
16.6 TheSystemsApproachtoEMC 531
16.7 EMCCategories 531
16.8 ElectrostaticDischarge 535
16.9 SpacecraftGroundingSchemes 536
16.10 MajorCausesofSpacecraftEMCProblems 541
16.11 AnalysisMethodsforSpacecraftEMCEngineering 542
17 ASSEMBLY,INTEGRATIONANDVERIFICATION
TerryRansome
17.1 Introduction 545
17.2 SomeDefinitions 545
17.3 TheVerificationPlan 547
17.4 RelationshipbetweenAnalysisandTest 551
17.5 TheAIVPlan 552
17.6 Testing:General 553
17.7 TestTypes 557
17.8 ModelPhilosophy 561
17.9 BuildStandardsandApplications 564
17.10 GroundSupportEquipment 567
17.11 CheckpointsintheAIVProgramme 571
17.12 VerificationCloseout 572
17.13 LaunchPreparation 572
17.14 Conclusion 573
CONTENTS xi
18 SMALLSATELLITEENGINEERINGANDAPPLICATIONS
MartinN.SweetingandCraigI.Underwood
18.1 Introduction 575
18.2 SmallSatelliteDesignPhilosophy 579
18.3 SmallSatelliteSystemDesign 580
18.4 COTSComponentsintheSpaceEnvironment 583
18.5 MicrosatellitePlatforms 587
18.6 MinisatellitePlatforms 590
18.7 NanosatellitePlatforms 590
18.8 AffordableLaunchesforSmallSatellites 592
18.9 In-OrbitOperations 594
18.10 SmallSatelliteApplications 597
18.11 PicosatellitesandRecentAdvancesinMiniaturization 603
18.12 Conclusion 604
19 PRODUCTASSURANCE
GeoffreyHall
19.1 Introduction 607
19.2 ProductAssuranceinaProject 609
19.3 Reliability/Dependability 613
19.4 Parts 618
19.5 MaterialsandProcesses 622
19.6 ProductAssuranceinManufacturing,AI&V 626
19.7 Safety 634
19.8 ProductAssuranceinOperations 637
19.9 SoftwareProductAssurance 638
19.10 PAinTechnologyDevelopments 640
19.11 TheAssuranceMessage 642
20 SPACECRAFTSYSTEMENGINEERING
AdrianR.L.Tatnall,JohnB.Farrow,MassimoBandecchiandC.RichardFrancis
20.1 Introduction 643
20.2 SystemEngineering 644
20.3 ConcurrentEngineering 654
20.4 ACaseStudy:Cryosat 667
20.5 Conclusion 678
Index 679
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
EDITORS
PeterW.Fortescue JohnP.W.Stark
AeronauticsandAstronautics,Facultyof SchoolofEngineeringandMaterialsScience,
EngineeringandtheEnvironment,University QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UK
ofSouthampton,UK(retired)
GrahamG.Swinerd
AeronauticsandAstronautics,Facultyof
EngineeringandtheEnvironment,University
ofSouthampton,UK
AUTHORS
GuglielmoS.Aglietti NigelP.Fillery
AeronauticsandAstronautics, EADSAstrium,Portsmouth,UK
FacultyofEngineeringandtheEnvironment,
UniversityofSouthampton,UK C.RichardFrancis
EuropeanSpaceResearchandTechnology
Centre(ESTEC),EuropeanSpaceAgency,
MassimoBandecchi
TheNetherlands
EuropeanSpaceResearchandTechnology
Centre(ESTEC),EuropeanSpaceAgency,
GeoffreyHall
TheNetherlands
MoretonHallAssociates,Maidenhead,UK
FranckChatel
JohnM.Houghton
GermanSpaceOperationsCenter(GSOC),
EADSAstrium,Stevenage,UK
Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany
J.BarrieMoss
GrahamE.Dorrington SchoolofEngineering,CranfieldUniversity,UK
SchoolofEngineeringandMaterialsScience,
QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UK TerryRansome
EADSAstrium,Stevenage,UK
JohnB.Farrow
InternationalSpaceUniversity,Strasbourg, KenM.Redford
France BritishAerospace,Bristol,UK