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Thomas Uhlig Florian Sellmaier Michael Schmidhuber Editors Spacecraft Operations Spacecraft Operations ThiSisaFMBlankPage Thomas Uhlig (cid:129) Florian Sellmaier (cid:129) Michael Schmidhuber Editors Spacecraft Operations Editors ThomasUhlig FlorianSellmaier MichaelSchmidhuber GermanSpaceOperationsCenter(GSOC) GermanAerospaceCenterDLR Wessling,Germany ISBN978-3-7091-1802-3 ISBN978-3-7091-1803-0(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-7091-1803-0 SpringerWienHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014945749 ©Springer-VerlagWien2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Timing is everything—this is especially true for spaceflight operations. 2014 is a specialyearfortheEuropeanspacecommunity,theyearthatstartedwiththewake- up of ROSETTA, ESA’s comet chaser, with Philae, the German comet lander, which is on its extraterrestrial voyage since 2004. It has been awoken from its hibernationandisprovidinguswithdataduringitscarefullyplannedfirstapproach onacomet—67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. InNovember2014,themissionculminatesinthedescentofthelanderPHILAE tothesurfaceofthecomet’sfrozennucleus—theresultingmeasurementsmayhelp usanswer someofthefundamental questionsabout theevolutionoflife onearth. Comets are considered as veterans of our solar system—their analysis provides insightsintheearlydaysofourgalactichome. Another fact which makes 2014 quite special for the European spaceflight community is the mission of two Europeans to the International Space Station— never before have we seen two long duration ESA missions within 1 year. Alex- ander Gerst has the chance to beat Thomas Reiter’s record of logging the longest timeinonespacemissionforaGerman.SamanthaCristoforettiisonlythesecond ESA female astronaut—and the first Italian woman in space. During their stay in orbit both will collect data for many months of scientific research and definitely awakethepublicinterestinspaceflightintheirhomecountries. In this fascinating year falls the publication of the book “Spaceflight Opera- tions.” It discusses important principles and aspects of the operation of space vehicles. Designated experts of the DLR’s German Space Operations Center (GSOC), ESA’s European Space Operations Center (ESOC), and the University of Southampton have put together a handbook for operations, which provides not only a good overview, but also the expert background information, to make the book not only a theoretical description, but a vivid testimonial of many years of experience.BoththeGSOCandESOCspaceflightoperationscenterswerefounded in 1967 and GSOC’s manned spaceflight history dates back to 1985 with the GermanspacelabmissionD-1. The authors of this book are involved in many of the most exciting space missions and projects currently ongoing: Columbus and the International Space v vi Foreword Station, ROSETTA and the lander PHILAE, TerraSAR-X and Tandem-X, the European Data Relay System EDRS, and the space robotic mission DEOS. They have worked during the preparation and execution phases, acting in their roles as managers, engineers, planners, subsystem specialists, and flight controllers. It is inspiringtoreadtheirarticlesandtolistentotheir“lessonslearnt.” Itismydesirethatthebookwillprovidebothaninterestandstimulusforfuture missions—andmayhelptoimprovesubsequentoperationsconcepts. DeutschesZentrumfu¨rLuft-und JanWo¨rner Raumfahrt(DLR) ChairmanoftheExecutiveBoardofthe LinderHo¨he GermanAerospaceCenter(DLR) 51147Ko¨ln Preface Thisbookhasevolvedfromthe“SpacecraftOperationsCourse,”a1-weekseriesof lectures and exercises, which has been held annually for the last 14 years at the German Space Operations Center (GSOC) in Oberpfaffenhofen. Originally, our planwassimplytocreateahandoutforthiscourse.However,aswefoundthatthere is currently no up-to-date book that deals exclusively with the operations of spacecraft, we extended our project, supplemented, and detailed the chapters, allowingustocompleteitinformofabook.Thatsaid,mostofthe22subsections are still based on lectures from our current “Spacecraft Operations Course.” In addition to the participants of the course, the target group of this book includes students of technical or scientific studies as well as technically interested parties, whowishtogainadeeperunderstandingofspacecraftoperations. The book begins with a brief summary of the space segment (Chap. 1), intro- ducingthe“SpaceEnvironment,”“SpaceSystemEngineering,”and“SpaceCom- munications,”whichestablishestheconnectiontothegroundsegment. The book now follows the classical fields of operations: mission operations, groundinfrastructure,flightdynamics,andmissionplanning. ThemissionoperationssystemisdescribedinChap.2.Thischapterisbasedon the life cycle of a mission and is therefore chronologically represented along the phasemodelused inastronautics.Thegroundandcommunicationsinfrastructure, however, provides cross-mission support services; hence, the representation of Chap. 3 is oriented towards the systems. The flight dynamics system (Chap. 4) in turnhasthefocusontheattitudeandorbitcontrolofthesatelliteplatformwhilethe mission planning system (Chap. 5) takes care of an effective management and utilizationofthepayload. The two last chapters deal with the details of specific mission types: Chap. 6 describes the operation tasks of the various subsystems of a classic unmanned satellite in Earth orbits. Chapter 7 describes the special requirements of other mission types which are caused by the presence of astronauts, due to a satellite approaching at another target satellite, or by leaving the Earth orbits in interplanetarymissionsandlandingonotherplanetsandmoons. vii viii Preface The process of writing of this book had some analogies to the preparation of a space mission: while initially there was a systematic planning process, the imple- mentation was more of an evolutionary process including various mutations and selections. Planned sections were modified, merged, rearranged, or occasionally disappeared, new sections were introduced. Every now and then the book project came incompetitionwiththepreparationandimplementationofspaceflightmis- sions, so that chapters had to be put on hold. On the other hand, launch delays in space missions are a regular occurrence and this is something you learn to cope with.However,after2yearsofpreparation,ourbookprojectisfinallyonthewayto thelaunchpad. This is the moment at which we like to thank all our supporters. Firstly, all authors who have endured to the end and somehow found enough spare time in additiontotheirongoingmissionprojectstoprovidevaluableinput.Averywarm thank you to our layout team Petra Kuß, Adriane Exter, and Juliane von Geisau, who provided significant support, particularly at the end of the project. We also would liketothankBerndDachwald ofthe FHAachen,who supported us during the early planning process, Sergei Bobrovskyi and Frank Roshani, who gave valuable support when editing formulas, as well as Simon Maslin, who supported us linguistically as a “native speaker.” Last but not least, our thanks go to Beate SiekfromSpringerpublishingforherpatienceduringthedevelopmentofthisbook. Itisnowtimetoinjectourbookintoorbit—wehopeyouenjoyreadingit. Wessling,Germany FlorianSellmaier Wessling,Germany TomUhlig Wessling,Germany MichaelSchmidhuber March2014 List of Editors and Contributors RalphBallwegisProjectManagerandFlightDirector inthegeostationarygroup oftheFlightOperationsDepartementoftheDLR/GSOC.Heisresponsibleforthe operations of two communication satellites and two instruments for Laser-based communication. He has a degree from the Technical University of Munich in Aerospace Engineering and 25 years of experience in spacecraft operations in GermanyandtheUSA. Je´roˆmeCampanistheheadoftheEuropeanPlanningandIncrementCoordination team at the Columbus Control Center in Oberpfaffenhofen. After receiving his engineering diploma from the ICAM school (Institut Catholique des Arts et Me´tiers) in Toulouse, he graduated from the ISAE school (Institut supe´rieure de l’ae´ronautique etdel’espace) inthe “Space System engineering”field. He started hisprofessionalcareerasaColumbusOperationsCoordinatorforthefirst3years beforemovingtohisactualposition. Franck Chatel is Flight Director for the HAG1 and EDRS missions within the departmentmissionoperationsattheGermanSpaceOperationsCenter(GSOC).He graduatedinaerospaceengineeringattheInstitutSupe´rieurdel’Ae´ronautiqueetde l’Espace(ISAE)inToulouse(France)andjoinedDLRin2001.Hewasinvolvedas propulsion and AOCS subsystem engineer and later as flight director, in different LEO (BIRD, SAR-Lupe, GRACE) and GEO (EUTELSAT W24) missions. He supported the early phase of the GALILEO project at spaceopal and DLR GfR beforemovingtohiscurrentposition. SabrinaEberleisprojectmanagerfortheEnMAPmissionandFlightDirectorfor theSATCOMBwMissionandtheon-orbitservicing projects atGSOC.Shegrad- uated in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Munich (Ger- many)in2004andhasjoinedtheGermanSpaceOperationsCenterthesameyear. ShewasengagedassubsystemengineerandFlightDirector intheSAR-Lupe1-5 missions. Later she was involved in the TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and the PRISMAmissions. ix