Table Of Content

Spacecraft Lithium- Ion Battery Power Systems Spacecraft Lithium- Ion Battery Power Systems Edited by Thomas P. Barrera This edition first published 2023 © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Chapters 5, 7, and 9 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and United States Government as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The contributions to the chapters written by Penni J. Dalton, Samuel P. Russell, Eric C. Darcy, and Scott Hull were performed as part of their official duties as employees of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. No copyright is claimed in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. All Other Rights Reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. 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You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data applied for Hardback ISBN: 9781119772149 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © NASA Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India Dedicated to the Memory of Mrs. Sara Thwaite January 13, 1972 – May 31, 2022 vii Contents About the Editor xvii About the Contributors xix List of Reviewers xxiii Foreword by Albert H. Zimmerman and Ralph E. White xxv Preface xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxix 1 Introduction 1 Thomas P. Barrera 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.2.1 Background 2 1.2.2 Knowledge Management 2 1.3 History of Spacecraft Batteries 3 1.3.1 The Early Years – 1957 to 1975 3 1.3.1.1 Silver- Zinc 4 1.3.1.2 Silver- Cadmium 4 1.3.1.3 Nickel- Cadmium 5 1.3.2 The Next Generation – 1975 to 2000 5 1.3.2.1 Nickel- Hydrogen 6 1.3.2.2 Sodium- Sulfur 7 1.3.2.3 Transition to Lithium- Ion 7 1.3.3 The Li- ion Revolution – 2000 to Present 8 1.3.3.1 First Space Applications 8 1.3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 10 1.4 State of Practice 11 1.4.1 Raw Materials Supply Chain 11 1.4.2 COTS and Custom Li- ion Cells 12 1.4.3 Hazard Safety and Controls 12 1.4.4 Acquisition Strategies 13 1.5 About the Book 13 1.5.1 Organization 14 1.5.2 Li- ion Cells and Batteries 14 1.5.3 Electrical Power System 14 viii Contents 1.5.4 On- Orbit LIB Experience 15 1.5.5 Safety and Reliability 15 1.5.6 Life Cycle Testing 15 1.5.7 Ground Processing and Mission Operations 15 1.6 Summary 16 References 16 2 Space Lithium- Ion Cells 19 Yannick Borthomieu, Marshall C. Smart, Sara Thwaite, Ratnakumar V. Bugga, and Thomas P. Barrera 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Types of Space Battery Cells 19 2.1.2 Rechargeable Space Cells 20 2.1.3 Non- Rechargeable Space Cells 20 2.1.4 Specialty Reserve Space Cells 21 2.2 Definitions 22 2.2.1 Capacity 22 2.2.2 Energy 23 2.2.3 Depth- of- Discharge 23 2.3 Cell Components 24 2.3.1 Positive Electrode 24 2.3.1.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide 25 2.3.1.2 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 25 2.3.1.3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide 25 2.3.1.4 Lithium Manganese Oxide 25 2.3.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate 26 2.3.2 Negative Electrode 26 2.3.2.1 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 26 2.3.2.2 Coke 27 2.3.2.3 Hard Carbon 27 2.3.2.4 Graphite 27 2.3.2.5 Mesocarbon Microbead 27 2.3.2.6 Si- C Composites 28 2.3.2.7 Low- Voltage Resilience 28 2.3.3 Electrolytes 28 2.3.3.1 Room Temperature Electrolytes 28 2.3.3.2 Low- Temperature Electrolytes 29 2.3.4 Separators 30 2.3.5 Safety Devices 31 2.3.5.1 Pressure Vents 31 2.3.5.2 Current Interrupt Devices 32 2.3.5.3 Positive Temperature Coefficient 33 2.3.5.4 Shutdown Separator 33 2.4 Cell Geometry 33 2.4.1 Standardization 34 2.4.2 Cylindrical 34 2.4.3 Prismatic 35