Space-Time Coding

332 Pages·2003·5.086 MB·English

by  Branka Vucetic, Jinhong Yuan, Branka Vucetic

Space-Time Coding
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Space-Time Coding
Branka Vucetic
University of Sydney, Australia
Jinhong Yuan
University of New South Wales, Australia
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Vucetic,Branka.
Space-timeCoding/BrankaVucetic,JinhongYuan.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-470-84757-3(alk.paper)
1.Signalprocessing—Mathematics.2.Codingtheory.3.Iterativemethods
(Mathematics)4.Wirelesscommunicationsystems.I.Yuan,Jinhong,1969– II.Title.
TK5102.92.V822003
(cid:2)
621.3822—dc21
2003043054
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Contents
List of Acronyms xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xxiii
Preface xxv
1 Performance Limits of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless
Communication Systems 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 MIMO System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 MIMO System Capacity Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 MIMO Channel Capacity Derivation for Adaptive Transmit
Power Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 MIMO Capacity Examples for Channels with Fixed Coefficients . . . . . . 9
1.6 Capacity of MIMO Systems with Random Channel Coefficients . . . . . . 13
1.6.1 Capacity of MIMO Fast and Block Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . 14
1.6.2 Capacity of MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.3 Capacity Examples for MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . 22
1.7 Effect of System Parameters and Antenna Correlation
on the Capacity of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.7.1 Correlation Model for LOS MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7.2 Correlation Model for a Rayleigh MIMO Fading Channel . . . . . . 30
1.7.3 Correlation Model for a Rician MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.7.4 Keyhole Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.7.5 MIMO Correlation Fading Channel Model with Transmit
and Receive Scatterers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.7.6 The Effect of System Parameters on the Keyhole Propagation . . . 41
2 Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design 49
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2 Fading Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.2 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.3 Statistical Models for Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
vi Contents
2.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.1 Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.2 Diversity Combining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4 Space-Time Coded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5 Performance Analysis of Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.1 Error Probability on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.5.2 Error Probability on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.6 Space-Time Code Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6.1 Code Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 75
2.6.2 Code Design Criteria for Fast Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 78
2.6.3 Code Performance at Low to Medium SNR Ranges . . . . . . . . . 81
2.7 Exact Evaluation of Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 Space-Time Block Codes 91
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2 Alamouti Space-Time Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.1 Alamouti Space-Time Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.2 Combining and Maximum Likelihood Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.3 The Alamouti Scheme with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . 94
3.2.4 Performance of the Alamouti Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3 Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.1 Space-Time Block Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.4 STBC for Real Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.5 STBC for Complex Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.6 Decoding of STBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.7 Performance of STBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.8 Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.9 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 117
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2 Encoder Structure for STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2.1 Generator Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.2 Generator Polynomial Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.3 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . 122
4.3.1 Optimal STTC Based on the Rank & Determinant Criteria . . . . . 123
4.3.2 Optimal STTC Based on the Trace Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.4 Performance Evaluation on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.1 Performance of the Codes Based
on the Rank & Determinant Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.2 Performance of the Codes Based on the Trace Criterion . . . . . . . 131
4.4.3 Performance Comparison for Codes Based
on Different Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.4 The Effect of the Number of Transmit Antennas
on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Contents vii
4.4.5 The Effect of the Number of Receive Antennas
on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.4.6 The Effect of Channel Correlation on Code Performance . . . . . . 139
4.4.7 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation
on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.5 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . 139
4.6 Performance Evaluation on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 149
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.1.1 Construction of Recursive STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2 Performance of Recursive STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.3 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4 Decoding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.4.1 Decoder Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.5 ST Turbo TC Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.5.1 Comparison of ST Turbo TC and STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.5.2 Effect of Memory Order and Interleaver Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.5.3 Effect of Number of Iterations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.5.4 Effect of Component Code Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.5.5 Decoder EXIT Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.5.6 Effect of Interleaver Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.5.7 Effect of Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . 167
5.5.8 Effect of Antenna Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.5.9 Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.5.10 Performance on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6 Layered Space-Time Codes 185
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2 LST Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.3 LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.3.1 QR Decomposition Interference Suppression Combined with Inter-
ference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.3.2 Interference Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Suppression
Combined with Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.3.3 Iterative LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3.4 An Iterative Receiver with PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.5 An Iterative MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3.6 Comparison of the Iterative MMSE and the Iterative
PIC-DSC Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4 Comparison of Various LST Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.4.1 Comparison of HLST Architectures with Various Component Codes 213
7 Differential Space-Time Block Codes 223
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.2 Differential Coding for a Single Transmit Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
viii Contents
7.3 Differential STBC for Two Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.3.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.3.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.3.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.4 Differential STBC with Real Signal Constellations for Three
and Four Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.4.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.4.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.4.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.5 Differential STBC with Complex Signal Constellations for Three
and Four Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.5.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.5.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.5.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.6 Unitary Space-Time Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.7 Unitary Group Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8 Space-Time Coding for Wideband Systems 245
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.2 Performance of Space-Time Coding on Frequency-Selective
Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.2.1 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.2.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.3 STC in Wideband OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.3.1 OFDM Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.3.2 STC-OFDM Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.4 Capacity of STC-OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.5 Performance Analysis of STC-OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8.6 Performance Evaluation of STC-OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.6.1 Performance on A Single-Path Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.6.2 The Effect of The Interleavers on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.6.3 The Effect of Symbol-Wise Hamming Distance
on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.6.4 The Effect of The Number of Paths on Performance . . . . . . . . . 260
8.7 Performance of Concatenated Space-Time Codes
Over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.7.1 Concatenated RS-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.7.2 Concatenated CONV-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.7.3 ST Turbo TC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.8 Transmit Diversity Schemes in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.8.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.8.2 Open-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.8.3 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.8.4 Time-Switched Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (TS-OTD) . . . . . . 267
8.8.5 Space-Time Spreading (STS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.8.6 STS for Three and Four Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270