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SOVIET MILITARY DECEPTION IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR SOVIET MILITARY THEORY AND PRACTICE Projected volumes by David M. Glantz This series examines in detail the evolution of Soviet military science and the way the Soviets have translated theoretical concepts for the conduct of war into concrete military practice. Separate volumes focus on how the Soviets have applied and refined theory in combat and on how they have structured their forces to suit the requirement of changing times. Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War Soviet Military Operational Art: In Pursuit of Deep Operations Soviet Tactical Maneuver The Role of the Forward Detachment Soviet Air Assault: The Vertical Dimension of Maneuver Deep Strike: The Soviet Conduct of Operational Maneuver Soviet Intelligence in War Colonel Glantz, a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute and the University of North Carolina, is an artillery officer who has taught at a variety of army schools. He is currently Director of Research at the US Army Soviet Army Studies Office. His published works include several studies on Soviet military operations and numerous articles on Soviet military themes. SOVIET MILITARY DECEPTION IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR DAVID M. GLANTZ FRANK CASS First published 1989 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 4RN and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 270 Madison Ave, New YorkNY10016 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 Copyright © 1989 David M. Glantz Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glantz, David M. Soviet military deception in the Second World War. Bibliography: p Includes index. 1. World War, 1939-1945—Military intelligence— Soviet Union. I. Title. D810.S7G55 1989 940.54,12,37 88-16228 ISBN 0-7146-3347-X British library Cataloguing in Publication Data Glantz, David M. Soviet military deception in the Second World War. 1. World War 2. Military operations by Soviet Military Forces. Strategy. Deceptions I. Title 940.54' 12*47 ISBN 0-7146-3347-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Frank Cass and Company Limited. To my wife Mary Ann without whose selfless support this book could not have been written In contemporary conditions, when at the same time the scale of war grows and reconnaissance capabilities also improve, it is very difficult to mask the preparations of large operations. However, to conceal their true scale, especially the direction of undertaken measures, the concept and direction of the main blow, and the begin ning time of active operations ... is a quite real mission, which must be at the center of attention of military theoreticians, all com manders, staffs, and political organs. M.M. Kir'yan, Vnezapnosf v nastupateV nykh operatsiyakh Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Surprise in Offensive Operations of the Great Patriotic War], 1986 CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi List of Maps xiii Explanation of Map Transliterations xxiii Abbreviations xxx Preface xxxi Introduction xxxvii 1. The Theory of Maskirovka 1 2. Prewar Theory and Practice 5 3. Theory and War Experience 21 4. The Practice of Maskirovka: The First Period of War (1941 - November 1942) 40 Introduction 40 Rostov, November 1941 42 Moscow, December 1941 47 Moscow, January 1942 56 Toropets-Kholm 58 Rzhev-Vyaz'ma 66 Lyuban, January 1942 68 Barvenkovo-Lozovaya, January 1942 71 Khar'kov, May 1942 77 Rzhev-Sychevka, July-August 1942 88 Sinyavino, August 1942 96 Conclusions 98 5. The Practice of Maskirovka: The Second Period of War (November 1942 - December 1943) 105 Introduction 105 Stalingrad, November 1942 108 The Aftermath of Stalingrad, December 1942 119 Background 119 viii Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War Middle Don, December 1942 120 Kotel'nikovo, December 1942 124 The Lessons of Stalingrad 129 The Winter Campaign, January-February 1943 131 Introduction 131 Ostrogozhsk-Rossosh', January 1943 133 Voronezh-Kastornoye, January 1943 137 Postscript - The Donbas and Khar'kov 141 The Kursk Strategic Operation, July 1943 146 Prelude 146 Maskirovka During the Strategic Defense 149 Maskirovka During the Strategic Counter-offensive 160 Orel, July 1943 160 Izyum-Barvenkovo, July 1943 162 Mius River, July 1943 167 Belgorod-Khar'kov, August 1943 174 Postscript 179 The Drive to the Dnepr, August-October 1943 182 Background 182 Smolensk, August-September 1943 186 Bryansk, September 1943 202 Chernigov-Pripyat, September 1943 208 Left Bank of Ukraine, August-September 1943 216 Donbas-Melitopol', August-September 1943 221 Novorossiisk-Taman, September 1943 236 Postscript 239 Across the Dnepr, November 1943 241 Background 241 Never, October 1943 243 GomeP-Rechitsa, November 1943 247 Kiev, November 1943 259 Krivoi Rog and Nikopol', November 1943 270 Zhitomir-Berdichev, December 1943 278 Postscript 285 Conclusions 288 6. The Practice of Maskirovka: The Third Period of War (1944) 292 Introduction 292 The Winter Strategic Offensive 294 Background 294 Leningrad-Novgorod, January 1944 297 Kirovograd, January 1944 306 Contents ix Korsun-Shevchenkovsky, January 1944 310 Rovno-Lutsk, January 1944 322 Nikopol'-Krivoi Rog, January 1944 326 Proskurov-Chernovitsy, March 1944 329 Uman-Botoshany, March 1944 340 Bereznegovatoye-Snigirevka, March 1944 341 Postscript 344 Summer Offensive, 1944 348 Background 348 Vyborg, June 1944 358 Belorussia, June 1944 360 L'vov-Sandomierz, July 1944 379 Lublin-Brest, July 1944 400 Yassy-Kishinev, August 1944 409 Postscript 421 The Fall Interlude 429 Background 429 Memel', October 1944 433 Hungary, October 1944 440 Postscript 467 Conclusions 467 7. The Practice of Maskirovka: The Third Period of War (1945) 471 Introduction 471 Vistula-Oder, January 1945 475 East Prussia, January 1945 502 Lake Balaton, March 1945 514 Berlin, April 1945 521 Manchuria, August 1945 544 Conclusions 555 8. Patterns of Deception: Reflections on Soviet Second World War Maskirovka Experiences 558 9. Implications for the Future 571 Notes 588 Appendices 615 1. Gomel'-Rechitsa, 65th Army Smokescreen Plan 615 2. Belorussia-.STAV^A Directive on Maskirovka 616 3. L'vov-Sandomierz, 1st Ukrainian Front Deception Plan 620