Soviet Aircraft and Rockets

278 Pages·1977·55.51 MB·English

by  N.A. Zhemchuzhin

Published for the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and
the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
by Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
sovie!
aircraft
and
rockets
TT 74-52007
NASA TT F-770
SOVIET AIRCRAFT
AND ROCKETS
(ZNAKOM'TES', SAMOLET i RAKETA)
N.A. Zhemchuzhin, M.A. Levin, I.A. Merkulov,
V.I. Naumov, O.A. Pozhidayev, S.P. Frolov,
and V.S. Frolov
Transport Publishers
Moscow, 1971
Translated from Russian
Published for the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and
the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
by Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
1977
© 1977 AmerindPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Translated and Published for the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, pursuant to an agreement with
the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
by Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
66 Janpath, New Delhi 110001
Translator: Dr. W. V. Nabar
General Editor: Dr. V.S. Kothekar
Available from the U.S. Department of Commerce
National Technical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 22161
Printed at Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd., Faridabad, India
Production: M.L. Gidwani
How are modern aircraft, helicopters, multi-stage rockets constructed?
What keeps them in the air? What kind of engines are used in flight
vehicles, how are they built? What instruments are installed in aircraft to
control apparatus, systems and flight? In this book the reader will find
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This book is based on material from Soviet and foreign publications.
It is meant for a variety of readers who have an interest in aviation and
cosmonautics.
Contents
SECTION ONE--IN HERCULEAN FLIGHT .......................... l
At the Outset of Aviation .................................. 1
Lenin and Soviet Aviation .................................. 6
The Wings of the Motherland are Strengthened ................ 9
Soviet Aviation After the Patriotic War ...................... 13
On the Way to the Stars .................................... 18
SECTION Two--AIRCRAFT ...................................... 24
Physical Principles of Flight ................................ 24
Construction of Aircraft .................................... 30
Stability and Controllability of Aircraft ...................... 44
Strength of Aircraft ......................................... 46
Heating of Aircraft ........................................ 48
Elements of Aircraft Flight ................................. 50
Physical Picture of Flow Around the Wing at High Flight Speeds 55
Types of Aircraft ........................................... 63
Helicopters ............................................... 68
Rotary-Wing Aircraft ...... ................................. 71
Short and Vertical Take-off Aircraft .......................... 71
Aircraft with Variable-Geometry Wing ....................... 73
Tailless Aircraft ..... '...................................... 74
Hypersonic Aircraft ........................................ 74
SECTION THREEmAIRCRAFT ENGINES ............................ 81
Aircraft Engine. General ................................... 81
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine .................... 85
Gas Turbine in Aviation .................................... 91
Air-Breathing Jet Engine ................................... 107
Rocket Engines ............................................ 127
Combined Air-Breathing Engines ............................. 137
viii
Contents
SECTION FOuR--AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT ......................... 140
Classification .............................................. 140
The Flight-Navigation Instruments .......................... 143
Aircraft Engine Instruments ................................ 151
Pick-ups and Signaling Devices .............................. 152
Electrical Equipment ...................................... 153
SECTION FIVE---INSTRUMENTS AND METHOD OF AIR NAVIGATION 158
Magnetic and Astronavigation Instruments ................... 159
Flights Beyond Ground Visibility ............................. 161
Ground Radionavigation Instruments ........................ 161
Aircraft Radionavigation Instruments and Communication
Radio Sets .............................................. 163
Instrument Landing Systems ................................ 174
Ground-Controlled Landing System ......................... 177
SECTION SIx--AIRCRAFT CYBERNETICS .......................... 178
The Pilot Controls the Aircraft .............................. 178
Flight Simulation .......................................... 179
Cybernetic Autonavigator ................................... 181
The "Man-Machine" Relation Problem in Aviation ............ 185
Autopitot: Simple and Self-Adapting ........................ 191
Airborne Electronic Brain .................................. 194
SECTION SEVEN--AsTRONAUTICS ................................ 198
Portents of Space Flight .................................... 198
Cosmic Speeds ............................................ 220
Space Rockets ............................................ 240
Spaceship Vostok .......................................... 268
SECTION ONE
In Herculean
Fligbt
AT THE OUTSET OF AVIATION
Young man! Ours is the age of intent study of the sky, as was said by
the great scientist and thinker K.E. Tsiolkovskii. If you carry deep in your
heart the ardent, cherished dreams of aviation, of cosmonautics, if the sky
insistently calls you, then fling open the doors of the aviation school.
Our motherland needs thousands of young enthusiasts of the sky
striving to master the very complex techniques of modern aviation which
require not only determined will and physical hardiness but also profound,
many-sided knowledge.
The sky always liked courageous young men.
Don't you want to follow in the footsteps of Chkalov, Gromov,
Pokrishkin, Kozhedub?
Don't you want to become a member of the great, heroic family of
flyers who leave the trails of their supersonic machines in the blue of the
sky? Don't you want to bring about mankind's daring dream of conquering
the cosmos and its interstellar spaces?
There are peaks in the deeds of human genius and one peak was the
first triumphant space flight of Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.
He was the first in the world to dare to enter the uncertainty of barren
space and to accomplish the deed.
Deed...What a beautiful, exalted, meaningful word! The deeds of
Soviet patriots are countless. They are like a mosaic of thousands of pieces
forming a grand picture of heroism in war, which is the great symbol of the
deeds of our people.
At the time of the Great Patriotic War our motherland crowned more
than 11,000 of her best sons with the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
1
2
Soviet Aircraft and Rockets
In everyone of their deeds the gallant features and moral qualities of a
citizen of the Soviet Union shine forth. The man of the deed lives in the
heart of the motherland, his deed--the fire in the human heart--is immortal.
In the field of unflagging peaceful creativity that changes the face of a
country our motherland has come to occupy the front rank in the world's
achievements in science and led the world to a new social plane.
Our great power is in mighty flight. Its days are filled with the
inspiration of a nation building communism.
The achievements of our country's millions are inseparably linked with
the name of one whom the whole proletarian world carries in its heart, one
with whose name is linked our stormy and momentous era, one who "with
his intellect pierced through the limits of centuries." This great name is Lenin.
For many centuries past man, awed and puzzled, has fixed his gaze on
the mysterious abyss of the sky. Many poetic legends survive in different
countries concerning man's striving for flight. One of them is the legend of
Icarus and Daedalus.
The ancient Greek artist and sculptor who was a prisoner on the island
of Crete together with his son Icarus constructed wings for flight and
fastened them with wax. They wanted to fly away from their prison.
Before the flight Daedalus warned his son not to fly very high because the
hot sun might melt the wax on the wings.
But when he rose into the sky Icarus felt so delighted and happy that he
rushed up to the chariot of the sun god Helios. The wax on the wings
melted and Icarus fell to the rocky shore below.
In Tsarist Russia the genius M.V. Lomonosov was one of the first
scientists to prove the possibility of flight by a heavier-than-air machine. In
the summer of 1754 at a meeting of Russian scientists in the conference
hall of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, he demonstrated his
heavier-than-air flying model.
A.F. Mozhaiskii, who for many years studied the flight of birds, is
rightly considered to be the originator of the first aircraft in the world.
Many a time he rose into the sky in a glider, driving it at high speed against
the wind with the help of a troika.*
Eighteen hundred and seventy-seven. On the premises of a manoge_ in
Petersburg, before a large audience, A.F. Mozhaiskii tested his flying
apparatus--a model airplane propelled by three propellers turned by
clockwork. A committee one of whose members was the famous scientist
D.I. Mendeleev thereupon approved a project to build a full-scale airplane.
*Three horses harnessed abreast.
_fRiding-school (French).
In Herculean Flight 3
Having suffered great material difficulties the stubborn inventor got
down to constructing his first aircraft. In the summer of 1882 the aircraft
was constructed and tested. During the tests the pirrraff &mhed intn the
air. It was the first flight in the world of a heavier-than-air machine.
In I884 Konstantin Eduardovich
Tsiolkovskii, a humble teacher from
Kaluga, began to study the problem
of “flight by means of wings.” He was
an original thinker and great scientist
who devoted his long creative life to
serving mankind. For the first time
(in 1903) he scientifically substantiated
the possibility not only of interpla-
netary but also of interstellar flights.
In donating his numerous books
and manuscripts to the Communist
Party, K.E. Tsiolkovskii left behind
a huge scientific heritage. He was
responsible for the project of an origi-
nal streamlined monoplane that has a
fair resemblance to modern machines.
His free-wing monoplane was 30
years ahead of its time. In 1894 the
project and all the calculations of the Aleksandr Fedorovich Mozhaiskii.
machine were published by K.E.
Tsiolkovskii in his book Airplane or Bird-simulated (aviation) Flying
Machine. The Russian Academy of Sciences pronounced favorably on the
large flying model of the aircraft but the Tsar’s bureaucrats refused help to
the inventor. His numerous original works in the field of cosmonautics
and the rich mine of his ideas were later widely used to great effect by
Soviet scientists.
At the time of the conception of the Russian aviation, Nikolai Yegoro-
vich Zhukovskii, “the father of Russian aviation,” as he was called by V.I.
Lenin, began his career. This highly talented scientist wrote more than 200
scientific treatises. The activities of N.Y. Zhukovskii were unusually wide
and diverse.
A new method of investigating technical problems combining empirical
and mathematical solutions to practical problems devised by Zhukovskii
became the order of the day in the science of Russian aviation.
N.Y. Zhukovskii trained up a brilliant galaxy of talented scientists and
technicians like S.A. Chaplygin, A.N. Tupolyev, A. A. Arkhangelskii, V.P.
Vetchinkin and others.
A co-worker of N.Y. Zhukovskii’s and an outstanding scientist,