Sources of Air Pollution and their Control. Air Pollution

861 Pages·1968·21.24 MB·English

E N V I R O N M E N T AL S C I E N C ES
An Interdisciplinary Monograph Series
EDITORS
DOUGLAS Η. Κ. LEE E. WENDELL HEWSON DANIEL OKUN
National Institute of Department of University of North Carolina
Environmental Health Sciences Atmospheric Science Department of Environmental
Research Triangle Park Oregon State University Sciences and Engineering
North Carolina Corvallis, Oregon Chapel Hill, North Carolina
ARTHUR C. STERN, editor, AIR POLLUTION, Second Edition.
In three volumes, 1968
L. FISHBEIN, W. G. FLAMM, and H. L. FALK, CHEMICAL MUTAGENS: Environ­
mental EiTects on Biological Systems, 1970
DOUGLAS H. K. LEE and DAVID MINARD, editors, PHYSIOLOGY, ENVIRON­
MENT, AND MAN, 1970
KARL D. KRYTER, THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON MAN, 1970
R. Ε. MUNN, BIOMETEOROLOGICAL METHODS, 1970
AIR POLLUTION
Edited by
ARTHUR C. STERN
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
VOLUME Hi
Sources of Air Pollution and
Their Control
1968
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1968, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY
OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London WIX 6BA
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 67-31042
Fourth Printing, 1973
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
This volume is dedicated
to Dick, Bob, and Mark
List of Contributors
Ν
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
DONALD F. ADAMS (243), Research Division, College of Engineering,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
SEYMOUR CALVERT (457), School of Engineering and Air Pollution Re­
search Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside,
California
KNOWLTON j. CAPLAN (359), Carter-Day Company, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
STANLEY T. CUFFE (191), Control Agency Development Program, Na­
tional Air Pollution Control Administration, Arlington, Virginia
SIDNEY EDELMAN (553), Environmental Health Branch, Public Health
Division, Office of the General Counsel, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C.
HAROLD F. ELKIN (97), Sun Oil Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
RICHARD B. ENGDAHL (3), Battelle Memorial Insdtute, Columbus, Ohio
W. L. FAITH (269), Consuldng Chemical Engineer, San Marino, Cali­
fornia
MELVIN W. FIRST (291), School of Public Health, Harvard University,
Boston, Massachusetts
F. E. GARTRELL (535), Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga,
Tennessee
DON R. GOODWIN (191), Abatement Program, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Durham, North Carolina
CHAD F. GOTTSCHLICH (437), Selas Corporation of America, Dresher,
Pennsylvania
AUSTIN N. HELLER (191), Department of Air Pollution Control, New
York, New York
R. W. HuRN (55), Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center, U.S. Bureau
of Mines, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
K. IINOYA (409), Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto Uni­
versity, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
JOHN A. MAGA (797), California Air Resources Board, Sacramento,
California
VIH LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
JOHN S. NADER (813), Chemical and Physical Research and Develop­
ment Program, National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Cincinnad, Ohio
KENNETH W. NELSON (171), Department of Hygiene and Agricultural
Research, American Smelting and Refining Company, Salt Lake
City, Utah
C. ORR, JR. (409), School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Insdtute
of Technology, Adanta, Georgia
HAROLD J. PAULUS (521), School of Public Health, University of Minne­
sota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
JEAN J. SCHUENEMAN (719), Division of Air Quality Control, Maryland
State Department of Health, Baldmore, Maryland
WILLIAM E. SEBESTA (143), Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio
ARTHUR C. STERN (319, 601), Department of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
VICTOR H. SUSSMAN (123), Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania
AMOS TURK (497), Department of Chemistry, The City College of the
City University of New York, New York, New York
Preface
This second edition is addressed to the same audience as the previous
one: engineers, chemists, physicists, physicians, meteorologists, lawyers,
economists, sociologists, agronomists, and toxicologists. It is concerned,
as was the first edition, with the cause, effect, transport, measurement,
and control of air pollution.
So much new material has become available since the completion of
the two-volume first edition, that it has been necessary to use three
volumes for this one. Volume I covers three major areas: the nature of
air pollution; the mechanism of its dispersal by meteorological factors
and from stacks; and its effect upon plants, animals, humans, materials,
and visibility. Volume II covers the sampling, analysis, measurement,
and monitoring of air pollution, and can be used independently of the
other two volumes as a text or reference on the chemical analysis of air
pollutants. Volume III covers four major areas: the emissions to the
atmosphere from the principal air pollution sources; the control tech­
niques and equipment used to minimize these emissions; the applicable
laws, regulations, and standards; and the administrative and organiza­
tional procedures used to administer these laws, regulations, and stan­
dards. The concluding chapter of Volume III discusses air pollution
literature sources and gives guidance in locating information not to be
found in these volumes. Volumes, I, II, and III were prepared simulta­
neously, and the total work was divided into three volumes to make it
easier for the reader to use.
To improve subject area coverage, the number of chapters was in­
creased from the 42 of the first edition to 54. The scope of some of the
chapters, whose subject areas were carried over from the first edition,
has been changed. Every contributor to the first edition was offered the
opportunity to prepare for this edition either a revision of his chapter
in the previous edition or a new chapter if the scope of his work had
changed. Since ten authors declined this offer and three were deceased,
this edition includes 32 of the previous contributors and 28 new ones.
The new chapters in this edition are concerned chiefly with the chemi­
cal analysis of air pollutants and pollution problems of specific industries
not covered previously. The decision to expand coverage of chemical
analysis of air pollutants was based on the demise of Morris B. Jacobs (an
author in the first edition), who, in his lifetime, had authored a succes­
sion of books, each of which, in its turn, became the standard work on air
χ PREFACE
pollutant sampling and analysis. It is hoped that Volume II will fill the
gap created by the sailing of his prolific pen. Even with the inclusion in
this edition of the air pollution problems of additional industrial pro­
cesses, many are still not covered in detail. It is hoped that the general
principles discussed in Volume III will help the reader faced with prob­
lems in industries not specifically covered.
Because I planned and edited these volumes, the gap areas and in­
stances of repetition are my responsibility and not the authors'. As in the
first edidon, the contributors were asked to write for a sciendfically ad­
vanced reader, and all were given the opportunity of last minute up­
dating of their material.
As the editor of a muldauthor treadse, I thank each author for both
his contribution and his patience, and each author's family, including my
own, for their forbearance and help. Special thanks are due my former
secretary, Nancy Sue Myers, who carried sixty times the burden of all
the other authors' secretaries combined. In this task, Lucy Trainor
helped her carry the load. I should also like to thank my former supe­
riors in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for
having permitted my participation and that of so many of my former
National Air Pollution Control Administration colleagues.
ARTHUR C. STERN
Chapel Hill, N.C.
August, 1968
Contents of Other Volumes
VOLUME L AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS
Part 1. Air Pollution
1. CLASSIFICATION AND EXTENT OF AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Leslie A. Chambers
2. GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR
Bernard D. Tebbens
3. NONVIABLE PARTICLES IN THE AIR
Morton Corn
4. VIABLE PARTICLES IN THE AIR
Alvin R. Jacobson
5. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
Merril Eisenbud
6. ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS AND SCAVENGING PROCESSES
A.J. Haagen-Smit and Lowell G. Wayne
Part II. Air Pollution Meteorology
7. METEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION
R. C. Wanta
8. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF STACK EFFLUENTS
Gordon H. Strom
9. AIR POLLUTION CLIMATOLOGY
Robert A. McCormick
10. METEOROLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
Glenn R. Hilst
Part III. Effects of Air Pollution
11. EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Elmer Robinson
XX CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
12. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON VEGETATION
C. Stafford Brandt and Walter W. Heck
13. BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Herbert E. Stokinger and David L. Coffin
14. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
J. R. Goldsmith
15. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MATERIALS AND THE ECONOMY
John E. Yocum and Roy O. McCaldin
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX—COLOR PLATES
VOLUME II. ANALYSIS, MONITORING, AND SURVEYING
Part IV. Analysis of Pollutants
16. AIR SAMPLING AND QUANTITY MEASUREMENT
E. R. Hendrickson
17. ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Morris Katz
18. ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Aubrey Paul Altshuller
19. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Philip W. West
20. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CARCINOGENIC BIOASSAYS OF ORGANIC
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Dietrich Hoffmann and Ernest L. Wynder
21. ANALYSIS OF NUMBER AND SIZE OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Paul M. Giever
22. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Walter C. McCrone
Part V. Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring
23. ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT
J. Floyd Byrd and Amtin Ç. Phelps, Jr.