Sound Synthesis and Sampling, Third Edition

584 Pages·2009·2.99 MB·english

by  Martin Russ

Sound Synthesis and Sampling
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Sound Synthesis and Sampling
Third Edition
Martin Russ
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK
OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE
SYDNEY • TOKYO
Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
First edition 1996
Reprinted 1998, 1999, 2000 (twice), 2002 (twice)
Second edition 2004
Reprinted 2005, 2006
Third edition 2009
Copyright © 1996, 2004, 2009 Martin Russ. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The right of Martin Russ to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
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No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons
or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material
herein
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936153
ISBN: 978-0-240-52105-3
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09 10 11 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION ......................................................................xi
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION ................................................................xiii
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION ....................................................................xv
VISUAL MAP ...........................................................................................xvii
ABOUT THIS BOOK ..................................................................................xxi
BACKGROUND ......................................................................................1
1 Background ............................................................................................3
1.1 What is synthesis? ...........................................................................3
1.2 Beginnings ....................................................................................11
1.3 Telecoms research .........................................................................14
1.4 Tape techniques ............................................................................17
1.5 Experimental versus popular musical uses of synthesis ......................22
1.6 Electro-acoustic music ...................................................................24
1.7 The ‘Produce, Mix, Record, Reproduce’ sound cycle ..........................25
1.8 From academic research to commercial production … ......................26
1.9 Synthesis in context .......................................................................30
1.10 Acoustics and electronics: fundamental principles ...........................36
1.11 Analogue electronics ......................................................................50
1.12 Digital and sampling ......................................................................54
1.13 MIDI, transports and protocols ........................................................66
1.14 Computers and software .................................................................70
1.15 Virtualization and integration ..........................................................73
1.16 Questions .....................................................................................75
1.17 Timeline .......................................................................................76
TECHNIQUES ......................................................................................87
2 Making Sounds Physically ......................................................................89
2.1 Sounds and musical instruments .....................................................89
2.2 Hit, scrape and twang ....................................................................91
2.3 Blow into and over .........................................................................92
vi Contents
2.4 Sequencing ...................................................................................92
2.5 Recording .....................................................................................92
2.6 Performing ....................................................................................93
2.7 Examples ......................................................................................93
2.8 Questions ......................................................................................94
2.9 Timeline........................................................................................94
3 Making Sounds with Analogue Electronics ...............................................99
3.1 Before the synthesizer ....................................................................99
3.2 Analogue and digital ....................................................................101
3.3 Subtractive synthesis ...................................................................106
3.4 Additive synthesis ........................................................................145
3.5 Other methods of analogue synthesis .............................................158
3.6 Topology .....................................................................................168
3.7 Early versus modern implementations ............................................176
3.8 Sampling in an analogue environment............................................186
3.9 Sequencing .................................................................................191
3.10 Recording ...................................................................................193
3.11 Performing ..................................................................................193
3.12 Example instruments ...................................................................194
3.13 Questions ...................................................................................198
3.14 Timeline .....................................................................................199
4 Making Sounds with Hybrid Electronics.................................................205
4.1 Wavecycle ...................................................................................206
4.2 Wavetable ...................................................................................216
4.3 DCOs ..........................................................................................225
4.4 DCFs ..........................................................................................234
4.5 S&S ...........................................................................................234
4.6 Topology .....................................................................................245
4.7 Implementations over time ...........................................................246
4.8 Hybrid mixers (automation) ...........................................................248
4.9 Sequencing .................................................................................249
4.10 Recording ...................................................................................250
4.11 Performing ..................................................................................250
4.12 Example instruments ...................................................................251
4.13 Questions ...................................................................................253
4.14 Timeline .....................................................................................254
5 Making Sounds with Digital Electronics .................................................255
5.1 FM .............................................................................................257
5.2 Waveshaping ...............................................................................276
5.3 Physical modeling ........................................................................280
Contents vii
5.4 Analogue modeling ......................................................................291
5.5 Granular synthesis .......................................................................294
5.6 FOF and other techniques .............................................................295
5.7 Analysis–synthesis .......................................................................305
5.8 Hybrid techniques .......................................................................313
5.9 Topology .....................................................................................315
5.10 Implementations .........................................................................315
5.11 Digital samplers ..........................................................................316
5.12 Editing .......................................................................................320
5.13 Storage ......................................................................................327
5.14 Topology .....................................................................................331
5.15 Digital effects .............................................................................335
5.16 Digital mixers ..............................................................................335
5.17 Drum machines ...........................................................................336
5.18 Sequencers .................................................................................344
5.19 Workstations ...............................................................................349
5.20 Accompaniment ..........................................................................353
5.21 Groove boxes ...............................................................................354
5.22 Dance, clubs and DJs ..................................................................356
5.23 Sequencing ................................................................................358
5.24 Recording ...................................................................................358
5.25 Performing – playing multiple keyboards ........................................359
5.26 Examples of digital synthesis instruments ......................................364
5.27 Examples of sampling equipment ..................................................369
5.28 Questions on digital synthesis .......................................................372
5.29 Questions on sampling .................................................................372
5.30 Questions on environment ............................................................373
5.31 Timeline .....................................................................................373
6 Making Sounds with Computer Software................................................379
6.1 Mainframes to calculators .............................................................379
6.2 Personal computers .....................................................................379
6.3 The PC as integrator .....................................................................381
6.4 Computers and audio ...................................................................382
6.5 The plug-in .................................................................................384
6.6 Ongoing integration of the audio cycle ...........................................393
6.7 Studios on computers: the integrated sequencer .............................400
6.8 The rise of the abstract controller and fall of MIDI ..........................403
6.9 Dance, clubs and DJs ...................................................................404
6.10 Sequencing ................................................................................404
6.11 Recording ...................................................................................405
6.12 Performing ..................................................................................405
viii Contents
6.13 Examples ....................................................................................409
6.14 Questions ...................................................................................411
6.15 Timeline .....................................................................................411
APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................415
7 Sound-Making Techniques ..................................................................417
7.1 Arranging ....................................................................................417
7.2 Stacking .....................................................................................419
7.3 Layering .....................................................................................422
7.4 Hocketing ...................................................................................425
7.5 Multi-timbrality and polyphony .....................................................429
7.6 GM ............................................................................................437
7.7 On-board effects .........................................................................440
7.8 Editing .......................................................................................450
7.9 Sequencing ................................................................................462
7.10 Recording ...................................................................................463
7.11 Performing ..................................................................................463
7.12 Questions ...................................................................................463
7.13 Timeline .....................................................................................464
8 Controllers..........................................................................................473
8.1 Controller and expander ...............................................................474
8.2 MIDI control ...............................................................................476
8.3 Keyboards ..................................................................................484
8.4 Keyboard control .........................................................................487
8.5 Wheels and other hand-operated controls .......................................489
8.6 Foot controls ...............................................................................492
8.7 Ribbon controllers .......................................................................493
8.8 Wind controllers ..........................................................................493
8.9 Guitar controllers .........................................................................494
8.10 Mixer controllers .........................................................................497
8.11 DJ controllers ..............................................................................497
8.12 3D controllers .............................................................................498
8.13 Front panel controls .....................................................................498
8.14 MIDI control and MIDI ‘Learn’ ......................................................501
8.15 Advantages and disadvantages ......................................................502
8.16 Sequencing ................................................................................503
8.17 Recording ...................................................................................503
8.18 Performing ..................................................................................504
8.19 Questions ...................................................................................504
8.20 Timeline .....................................................................................505
Contents ix
ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................507
9 The Future of Sound-Making ................................................................509
9.1 Closing the circle ..........................................................................511
9.2 Control .........................................................................................511
9.3 Commercial imperatives .................................................................514
9.4 Questions .....................................................................................517
9.5 Timeline .......................................................................................518
BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................519
JARGON ................................................................................................523
INDEX ...................................................................................................531