Sonar systems

334 Pages·2011·44.855 MB·English

by  Nikolaĭ Kolev

SONAR SYSTEMS

Edited by Nikolai Kolev
Sonar Systems
Edited by Nikolai Kolev

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Jan Hyrat
Image Copyright williammpark, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com

First published September, 2011
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Sonar Systems, Edited by Nikolai Kolev
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-345-3
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Innovative Sonar Systems,
Modeling and Simulation 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Sonar 3
Roy Edgar Hansen
Chapter 2 Advances in Multistatic Sonar 29
Danilo Orlando and Frank Ehlers
Chapter 3 Sonar Data Simulation 51
Didier Guériot and Christophe Sintes
Part 2 Sonar Signal Processing 77
Chapter 4 Beamforming Narrowband
and Broadband Signals 79
John E. Piper
Chapter 5 Passive Sonar Signal Detection and Classification
Based on Independent Component Analysis 93
N. N. de Moura, J. M. de Seixas and Ricardo Ramos
Chapter 6 Sonar Model Based Matched
Field Signal Processing 105
Nikolai Kolev and Georgi Georgiev
Chapter 7 Image Processing Techniques For the
Detection and Classification of Man
Made Objects in Side-Scan Sonar Images 121
Esther Dura
Chapter 8 SONAR Images Denoising 139
Alexandru Isar, Ioana Firoiu,
Corina Nafornita and Sorin Moga
VI Contents

Chapter 9 SONAR Systems and Underwater Signal
Processing: Classic and Modern Approaches 173
Hossein Peyvandi, Mehdi Farrokhrooz,
Hossein Roufarshbaf and Sung-Joon Park
Part 3 Biology and Marine Science Sonar Applications 207
Chapter 10 Bats Sonar Calls and its Application
in Sonar Systems 209
Tadeusz Gudra, Joanna Furmankiewicz
and Krzysztof Herman
Chapter 11 The Effect of Sonar on Human Hearing 235
Renzo Mora, Sara Penco and Luca Guastini
Chapter 12 Underwater Acoustic Detection and
Signal Processing Near the Seabed 255
Henry M. Manik
Chapter 13 Accuracy of Acoustic Methods in
Fish Stock Assessment Surveys 275
S. Georgakarakos, V. Trygonis and J. Haralabous
Chapter 14 Side-Scan Sonar as a Tool for Seafloor
Imagery: Examples from the
Mediterranean Continental Margin 299
Alessandra Savini

Preface

Most of Earth's surface is covered with water. These water areas have been used for
fishing and transportation by mankind since ancient times but only with the invention
of sonar systems an opportunity was created for in depth exploration and use of the
ocean because the mechanical acoustic waves are the only physical phenomena
applicable for underwater sensing. This book is an edited collection of research articles
covering the current state of sonar systems, the signal processing methods and their
applications prepared by experts in the field.
The book is grouped into three major sections: Innovative Sonar Systems, Modeling
and Simulation; Sonar Signal Processing; Biology and Marine Science Sonar
Applications. However, there are interrelations between sections and chapters because
it is impossible to strictly divide the sonar system engineering level from the used
signal pre- and post-processing methods and the applications.
Even though the synthetic aperture has been a known method for increasing the
angular resolution in sonar and radar sensors for more than half a century,
operational sonar systems have been developed only in the last years. The chapter of
R. Hansen is an excellent introduction in synthetic aperture sonar and shapes the
future use of interferometric principles for 3D reconstruction of underwater ocean
scenes. The current state of the sensor network technology fosters the application of
the longstanding bistatic and multistatic sonar concepts. The chapter of D. Orlando
and F. Ehlers presents the advances in multistatic signal processing for tracking of
low target strength targets in noisy environment. The sonar systems simulation
methodology is covered in the chapter of D. Gueriot and C. Sintes. Modeling and
simulation are an important area of investigation leading to enhancing the design of
current sonar systems, algorithm performances estimation and new system models
development.
Several authors in their chapters present important signal pre- and post-processing
principles and applications. The chapter of J. Piper gives the fundamentals of sonar
array beamforming and direction of arrival estimation. The quality and capability of
passive sonar array systems are maybe of greatest concern for naval submarines sonar
designers in order to make them undetectable for the enemy sensor systems and give
X Preface

an operational advantage. Next follows the contribution of Nunes de Moura et al. on
passive sonar signal detection and classification based on independent component
analysis covering DEMON and LOFAR signal processing principles with application
in the experimental results presented on submarine sonar system operator displays.
Modern sonar passive array systems are using adaptive matched field signal
processing techniques. The submission of N. Kolev and G. Georgiev presents the
basics of vertical sonar array matched field signal processing for underwater source
localization in depth and range. Sonar video signal post processing is important to
improve the image quality, data interpretation and applies image recognition
techniques. The chapter of E. Dura presents image processing techniques for detection
and classification of artificial mine like objects on side scan sonar images. Current state
of sonar images denoising techniques is presented in the chapter by Isar et al. The
chapter of Peyvandi et al. bridges the gap between classical passive sonar signal
processing methods and some newly introduced probabilistic concepts of signal
processing and classification as the Hidden Markov Model and Artificial Neural
Networks. An application in underwater sensor network acoustic communication is
outlined.
Nature has created air passive hearing mechanism for humans but also a sophisticated
biosonar for some earth and water species which combines active and passive acoustic
principles, subject to a scientific investigation and a challenge for technical
implementation. The chapters of Gudra et al. and Mora et al. give an interesting
insight for readers on these topics. H. Manik has developed bottom surface and fish
target strength models and a multi frequency acoustics methodology to characterize
and quantify the fish and sea bottom scattering by an echo sounder. Experimental
results are presented for the area of Jawa Island. Georgakarakos et al. have made a
review of acoustic biomass estimation methods. Experimental results for a fish-school
species identification using a neural network with multibeam sonar data are
presented. The side scan sonar is the most affordable and used system for constructing
images of the sea bottom with applications in the marine geology. A. Savini has
analyzed the influence of side scan sonar parameters on bottom sonar images from
geomorphological point of view. The chapter represents a valuable source of seafloor
images and reference documentation about the main features and sediment
characteristics of the Mediterranean continental shelf.
On one hand the book will be interesting for scientists, engineers and students
specializing in the area of sonar systems, signal processing and marine science
because they will find in depth investigations and practical solutions of a broad
range of problems presented by the authors. On the other hand, it will be also useful
for readers with general knowledge as a guide and an introduction in sonar systems
principles of operation, signal processing methods and many interesting
applications nowadays.