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Sonar systems PDF

334 Pages·2011·44.855 MB·English
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SONAR SYSTEMS Edited by Nikolai Kolev Sonar Systems Edited by Nikolai Kolev Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright williammpark, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Sonar Systems, Edited by Nikolai Kolev p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-345-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Innovative Sonar Systems, Modeling and Simulation 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Sonar 3 Roy Edgar Hansen Chapter 2 Advances in Multistatic Sonar 29 Danilo Orlando and Frank Ehlers Chapter 3 Sonar Data Simulation 51 Didier Guériot and Christophe Sintes Part 2 Sonar Signal Processing 77 Chapter 4 Beamforming Narrowband and Broadband Signals 79 John E. Piper Chapter 5 Passive Sonar Signal Detection and Classification Based on Independent Component Analysis 93 N. N. de Moura, J. M. de Seixas and Ricardo Ramos Chapter 6 Sonar Model Based Matched Field Signal Processing 105 Nikolai Kolev and Georgi Georgiev Chapter 7 Image Processing Techniques For the Detection and Classification of Man Made Objects in Side-Scan Sonar Images 121 Esther Dura Chapter 8 SONAR Images Denoising 139 Alexandru Isar, Ioana Firoiu, Corina Nafornita and Sorin Moga VI Contents Chapter 9 SONAR Systems and Underwater Signal Processing: Classic and Modern Approaches 173 Hossein Peyvandi, Mehdi Farrokhrooz, Hossein Roufarshbaf and Sung-Joon Park Part 3 Biology and Marine Science Sonar Applications 207 Chapter 10 Bats Sonar Calls and its Application in Sonar Systems 209 Tadeusz Gudra, Joanna Furmankiewicz and Krzysztof Herman Chapter 11 The Effect of Sonar on Human Hearing 235 Renzo Mora, Sara Penco and Luca Guastini Chapter 12 Underwater Acoustic Detection and Signal Processing Near the Seabed 255 Henry M. Manik Chapter 13 Accuracy of Acoustic Methods in Fish Stock Assessment Surveys 275 S. Georgakarakos, V. Trygonis and J. Haralabous Chapter 14 Side-Scan Sonar as a Tool for Seafloor Imagery: Examples from the Mediterranean Continental Margin 299 Alessandra Savini Preface Most of Earth's surface is covered with water. These water areas have been used for fishing and transportation by mankind since ancient times but only with the invention of sonar systems an opportunity was created for in depth exploration and use of the ocean because the mechanical acoustic waves are the only physical phenomena applicable for underwater sensing. This book is an edited collection of research articles covering the current state of sonar systems, the signal processing methods and their applications prepared by experts in the field. The book is grouped into three major sections: Innovative Sonar Systems, Modeling and Simulation; Sonar Signal Processing; Biology and Marine Science Sonar Applications. However, there are interrelations between sections and chapters because it is impossible to strictly divide the sonar system engineering level from the used signal pre- and post-processing methods and the applications. Even though the synthetic aperture has been a known method for increasing the angular resolution in sonar and radar sensors for more than half a century, operational sonar systems have been developed only in the last years. The chapter of R. Hansen is an excellent introduction in synthetic aperture sonar and shapes the future use of interferometric principles for 3D reconstruction of underwater ocean scenes. The current state of the sensor network technology fosters the application of the longstanding bistatic and multistatic sonar concepts. The chapter of D. Orlando and F. Ehlers presents the advances in multistatic signal processing for tracking of low target strength targets in noisy environment. The sonar systems simulation methodology is covered in the chapter of D. Gueriot and C. Sintes. Modeling and simulation are an important area of investigation leading to enhancing the design of current sonar systems, algorithm performances estimation and new system models development. Several authors in their chapters present important signal pre- and post-processing principles and applications. The chapter of J. Piper gives the fundamentals of sonar array beamforming and direction of arrival estimation. The quality and capability of passive sonar array systems are maybe of greatest concern for naval submarines sonar designers in order to make them undetectable for the enemy sensor systems and give X Preface an operational advantage. Next follows the contribution of Nunes de Moura et al. on passive sonar signal detection and classification based on independent component analysis covering DEMON and LOFAR signal processing principles with application in the experimental results presented on submarine sonar system operator displays. Modern sonar passive array systems are using adaptive matched field signal processing techniques. The submission of N. Kolev and G. Georgiev presents the basics of vertical sonar array matched field signal processing for underwater source localization in depth and range. Sonar video signal post processing is important to improve the image quality, data interpretation and applies image recognition techniques. The chapter of E. Dura presents image processing techniques for detection and classification of artificial mine like objects on side scan sonar images. Current state of sonar images denoising techniques is presented in the chapter by Isar et al. The chapter of Peyvandi et al. bridges the gap between classical passive sonar signal processing methods and some newly introduced probabilistic concepts of signal processing and classification as the Hidden Markov Model and Artificial Neural Networks. An application in underwater sensor network acoustic communication is outlined. Nature has created air passive hearing mechanism for humans but also a sophisticated biosonar for some earth and water species which combines active and passive acoustic principles, subject to a scientific investigation and a challenge for technical implementation. The chapters of Gudra et al. and Mora et al. give an interesting insight for readers on these topics. H. Manik has developed bottom surface and fish target strength models and a multi frequency acoustics methodology to characterize and quantify the fish and sea bottom scattering by an echo sounder. Experimental results are presented for the area of Jawa Island. Georgakarakos et al. have made a review of acoustic biomass estimation methods. Experimental results for a fish-school species identification using a neural network with multibeam sonar data are presented. The side scan sonar is the most affordable and used system for constructing images of the sea bottom with applications in the marine geology. A. Savini has analyzed the influence of side scan sonar parameters on bottom sonar images from geomorphological point of view. The chapter represents a valuable source of seafloor images and reference documentation about the main features and sediment characteristics of the Mediterranean continental shelf. On one hand the book will be interesting for scientists, engineers and students specializing in the area of sonar systems, signal processing and marine science because they will find in depth investigations and practical solutions of a broad range of problems presented by the authors. On the other hand, it will be also useful for readers with general knowledge as a guide and an introduction in sonar systems principles of operation, signal processing methods and many interesting applications nowadays.

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