Solving the groundwater challenges of the 21st century PDF
Preview Solving the groundwater challenges of the 21st century
22 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS SELECTED PAPERS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS SELECTED PAPERS 22 Editor: Groundwater is integral to many human and environmental systems but there ChSo Ryan Vogwill aorne gsriogunnifidcwanatte crh saylsletenmgess. iTnh edseea lcihnagl lwenitghe tsh nee iemdp iancnto ovfa atinvteh sroopluotgioennsic. activities allelvin ng This book contains a wide range of content, from a discussion of the Australian g t eh rheagvuel atthoer yp foratemnetwiaol rtko f osirg unnificocnavnetnlyt iiomnpala hcty dgrroocuanrbdownast,e trh sey esxtetrmacst,i oton tohf ew bheicsht s ofe G r way to apply numerical models to help solve complex, real world problems. thou The impact of urbanisation on groundwater systems in the developing world is e 2nd also discussed, at both a local scale in Nigeria and at a world scale. The use of 1sw innovative tools such as managed aquifer recharge, a critical tool in solving the t Cat ee Solving the Groundwater groundwater challenges of the 21st century, is also discussed. The framework nr t used to manage the legacy of agricultural contamination in Denmark, covering u r investigation to regulation and remediation, is also presented, focussing on how y Challenges of the 21st Century the many challenges in implantation were solved. This book is targeted at professional hydrogeologists, experts in governance, law and policy as well as other professionals that need to incorporate an understanding of groundwater. The book will also appeal to politicians, resource managers, regulators and others interested in sustainable water supply. RE yd anito Vor: g w ill an informa business Solving the Groundwater Challenges st of the 21 Century Selected papers on hydrogeology 22 Series Editor:Dr. Nick S. Robins Editor-in-ChiefIAHBookSeries,BritishGeologicalSurvey,Wallingford,UK INTERNATIONALASSOCIATIONOFHYDROGEOLOGISTS Solving the Groundwater Challenges st of the 21 Century Editor Ryan Vogwill School of Earth and Environment,The University of WesternAustralia, Crawley, Australia CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2016Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandBoundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontained hereinmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingor otherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfromthepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublication andtheinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnor theauthorforanydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperation oruseofthispublicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Appliedfor Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN:978-1-138-02747-3(Hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-68518-2(eBookPDF) Table of contents 1 Solutionstothegroundwaterchallengesofthe21st century 1 R.Vogwill 2 Managingaquiferrechargeinintegratedsolutionstogroundwaterchallenges 3 PeterDillon 3 Groundwaterandurbandevelopmentinthe21st century–moving frompiecemealdevelopmenttoplannedmanagementindevelopingcities 17 S.Foster 4 TransitioningtosustainablegroundwatermanagementinMaiduguri,Nigeria 35 A.Bakari 5 Governanceandmanagementofhydrogeologicalimpactsof unconventionalhydrocarbonsinAustralia 53 L.Lennon&W.R.Evans 6 LegacypesticidecontaminationinAarhus–groundwaterprotection andmanagement 77 N.C.Pedersen,E.Stubsgaard,L.Thorling,R.Thomsen,V.Søndergaard&B.Vægter 7 Models,decision-makingandscience 95 J.Doherty&R.Vogwill Subjectindex 115 SeriesIAH-SelectedPapers 121 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Chapter 1 Solutions to the groundwater st challenges of the 21 century R.Vogwill SchoolofEarthandEnvironment,TheUniversityof WesternAustralia, Perth, Australia The Wagyl, according to local Western Australian indigenous Noongar culture, is a snakelikedreamtimecreatureresponsibleforthecreationofwaterwaysandlandforms. This mythical being is strongly associated with rivers, lakes and is supposed still to reside deep beneath springs, effectively in the aquifer. As the Wagyl slithered over the land, his track shaped the sand dunes, his body scoured out the course of the rivers; where he occasionally stopped for a rest, he created bays and lakes. Outcrops of limestone are said to be his droppings. As he moved, his scales scraped off and become the forests and woodlands. As such all of these various sites are considered sacredbythelocalNoongarcommunity. Thegroundwaterindustryhashugechallengesthiscenturywhichmirrortheissues inourglobalsocietyinbecomingsustainable.Thebookchaptersaretailoredtoshow- casesolutionstothegroundwaterindustry’sbiggestchallenges.Oneofthekeyissues for all of society relates to changes in our future climate. Regardless of the causes, variabilityfromthecurrentpatternsislikely.Theprediction,possiblemitigationand adaptiontotheseimpactswillbeacrucialpartofoursuccessasaglobalsociety.Man- agedaquiferrechargeisanimportanttoolinmanagingclimatechangeimpactsaswell as overabstraction. In his chapter Peter Dillon presents a review of hydrogeological issuesinmanagedaquiferrechargeanditsroleinsolutionstoglobalchallenges. In areas of rapid population growth in the developing world there are critical issues relating to sanitation and water supply. Stephen Foster explores these issues looking at solutions to these issues at a high level across all jurisdictions. Ali Bakari, a Nigerian PhD candidate, looks at this issue from a locals perspective, specifi- cally in Nigeria, discussing how to overcome barriers to implementing sustainable groundwatermanagementinadevelopingnation. There is considerable risk of impacts to groundwater resources from extracting unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. This critical emerging issue has caused signif- icant impacts to groundwater resources in some parts of the world already. Most jurisdictionsaregrapplingwithhowbesttomanagetheapprovalprocessforuncon- ventional hydrocarbon projects and a critical component of managing this issue is getting regulation right. Louise Lennon and Ray Evans summarise the state of regu- lation of the unconventional hydrocarbon industry across Australia, identifying gaps and making recommendations critical to ensure groundwater resources in Australia areprotectedinthiscontext.Webelievethiswillbeaninvaluablesummaryformany otherjurisdictionsaroundtheworldtolearnfromandbuildon. 2 Solving the groundwater challenges of the 21stcentury Inmanypartsoftheworldtherearelegaciesofvariousformsofcontamination, impacting groundwater resources and the environment. Some of the most prevalent forms of groundwater contamination are agricultural chemicals and nutrients, given the large amount of agricultural land around the world. Niels Pedersen, Bo Vægter and their colleagues from Denmark present the results of their work over more than thelastdecadetoidentifyareasofimpact,areasatriskofimpact,andhowtomanage thislegacyofagriculturalchemicalsandnutrientsgoingforward.Thisisanexcellent exampletomanyotherjurisdictionswithsimilarissues. LastbutdefinitelynotleastJohnDoherty’schapterthateverymodelleroruserof modellinginformationmustreadabouthowwemisusemodelsandhowtousethem better.ThishighlyentertainingpaperisakeypartofthenewmodellingethosthatJohn hasspearheadedovermorethanthelastdecadetomakemodellingmoretransparent andimpartial.Thisissorelyneeded.Thisethoscriticallyrevolvesaroundincorporat- ingpredictiveuncertaintyandprobabilisticframeworksingroundwatermodellingas opposed to ‘cherry picking’ a set of parameters which allow the model to draw the desiredconclusion. The chapters are selected from papers presented at the 40th IAH Congress – SolutionstotheGroundwaterChallengesofthe21st CenturyheldatPerth. Chapter 2 Managing aquifer recharge in integrated solutions to groundwater challenges Peter Dillon Co-Chair,IAHCommissiononManagingAquiferRecharge,HonoraryFellow, CSIROLandandWater,GlenOsmond,SA,Australia ABSTRACT This chapter draws on recent scientific knowledge of aquifer processes in managed aquifer rechargetoinformpracticalapplications.Processesdiscussedinclude:clogginganditsmanage- mentininfiltrationbasinsandinjectionwells,recoveryefficiencyofrechargedwater,andwater quality changes in aquifers. This scientific information has been applied in managed aquifer rechargeguidelinesforprotectionofhumanhealthandtheenvironmentandsupportedapol- icy framework for groundwater entitlements. When these are adopted or adapted by water resources managers within local groundwater management plans this will: facilitate recovery ofoverexploitedaquifers, reducecostsofwatersupply, improvegroundwaterquality, protect groundwaterdependentecosystems,supportmeasurestorationalisewaterdemand,supplynew industry and agriculture, and/or progress long-term water banking as a buffer against future droughts. Networking and knowledge exchange would help governments and development bankstorecognisecircumstanceswheregroundwaterreplenishment,isacredibleandefficient supply or water security measure. Advances in groundwater replenishment including water bankingwillhelpmaximisethebenefitsofaquiferstosocietyandtherebyassistwaterresources managerstoaddressthewatersecuritychallengesofthe21stcentury. 2.1 INTRODUCTION Addressing groundwater overdraft is among the most pressing environmental and economic challenges globally and particularly in areas that have relied heavily on groundwater to support irrigated agriculture (Margat, 2008; Konikow, 2011). The enormousincreaseinproductivityofirrigatedlandoverdrylandproductioninsemi- arid areas has lifted communities out of hunger and poverty, and created investment in education, health, and economic infrastructure. Technologies of the 20th century such as drilling rigs, pumps, lightweight pipes, and distribution of electrical energy haveenabledwithdrawalsofgroundwaterresourcesthathavetransformedthelivesof hundredsofmillionsofruralfamiliesaroundtheworld.Thehumanconditionorients behaviourtoincreaseutilisationoflimitingresourcessolongasreturnsexceedcosts. However, groundwater resources are finite. While resource utilisation has helped by producing wealth the consequent decline in groundwater levels, in some cases has impacted connected aquatic and riparian ecosystems, increased the costs of water access by farms and households, and ultimately led to reduced groundwater yields.
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