Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation, Volume 4 (Waste Management)

1161 Pages·2004·59.95 MB·English

by  I. Twardowska

SOLID WASTE:
ASSESSMENT, MONITORING
AND REMEDIATION
Waste Management Series
1. Waste Materials in Construction. The Science and Engineering of Recycling
for Environmental Protection
Edited by G.R. Woolley, J.J.J.M. Goumans and P.J. Wainwright
2. Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes and Natural Analogues. Lessons
from Nature and Archeology.
By W. Miller, R. Alexander, N. Chapman, I. McKinley and J. Smellie
3. Principles and Standards for the Disposal of Long-Lived Radioactive Wastes
By N. Chapman and Charles McCombie
Other relevant titles from Elsevier/Pergamon
Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues 1997 By: A.J. Chandler,
T.T. Eighmy, J. Hartl6n, O. Hjelmar, D.S. Kosson, S.E. Sawell, H.A. van der
Sloot, J. Vehlow
Harmonization of Leaching/Extraction Tests 1997 Edited by H.A. van der
Sloot, L. Heasman, Ph. Quevauviller
Waste Materials in Construction: Putting Theory into Practice 1997 Edited by
J.J.J.M. Goumans, G.J. Senden, H.A. van der Sloot
Waste Management Series, Volume 4
SOLID WASTE:
ASSESSMENT, MONITORING
AND REMEDIATION
Edited by
Irena Twardowska
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 34
M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
Co-editors"
Herbert E. Allen
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, U.S.A.
i
Antonius A. F. Kettrup
Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
William J. Lacy
Lacy and Associates, Alexandria, U.S.A.
2004
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Preface
The general idea of the book has arisen from the mutual experience of many specialists in
numerous disciplines from different countries involved in the problem of environmental
assessment, life cycle monitoring/pollution prevention and control approaches for
chemicals generated from solid waste disposal. Solid waste worldwide issues nowadays
reflect the complexity and unbalanced development of our world at the beginning of the
21st century. There remains a lack of agreement concerning the major basic definitions,
e.g. which material should be considered as "waste" and which as a "beneficial raw
material", which wastes are "hazardous-" and which are "non-hazardous" ones. These
arguments are far from being just an academic dispute, resulting finally in the way of waste
management/disposal is practiced. False-positive evaluation of material causes substantial
increase of disposal costs, while false-negative error may pose serious damage to the
environment from inadequately used or disposed wastes. It is remarkable, that quite often a
failure in proper evaluation of environmental impact originates from an improper testing
procedure or generalization of the results of a limited number of basic tests with respect to
the heterogeneous high-volume wastes.
There are still a great variety of procedures for the assessment of environmental risks,
not only in national regulations of different countries, but also used by different groups of
analysts within the same country. The need for waste- and site-specific approaches on one
hand, and harmonization of procedures for the assessment of environmental risks from
solid wastes on the other hand, is therefore obvious.
In the field of solid waste management, treatment and disposal one faces the enormous
(but still not sufficient) amount of information concerning specific problems of different
hazardous wastes, and surprisingly limited data on the seemingly harmless great portions
of the waste stream entering the environment.
Rapid progress in industry and other branches of the economy in the developing
industrialized nations, not accompanied by adequate, environmentally safe waste
management strategies, creates new vast "hot spots" in the formerly pristine areas.
Development of new technologies, materials and chemicals poses quite often a hazard
from new waste materials of unpredictable environmental behavior and impact.
All this ballast of the old unsolved problems, lack of basic information, knowledge
and recognition concerning environmental behavior of waste, the proliferation of new
hazardous waste materials and chemicals, new severe damage and new risks to the
environment resulted from the discordant development of the world we have taken to the
21 st Century.
At the same time, the end of the 20th Century provided us with wonderful opportunities
arising from the transformation of the political system of the former communist countries,
the end of a cold war and the beginning of a new era of unlimited cooperation and
unification in the field of optimization of relevant laws, regulations and environmental
impact assessment methods in a large regional and global scale. Now, the most advanced
vi Preface
technologies that formerly served for military purposes have become efficient, reliable,
exact and worldwide commonly available tools for monitoring and remediation of waste
sites. Some of these technologies and techniques are applicable specifically to waste
treatment and disposal, some are integral to the waste management problem, but have a
wider scope of use. The doors to better, safer, efficient waste management strategies, and
therefore to a better, safer, cleaner environment are open wide. There should be knowledge
and awareness of the administration and decision makers to accept the suggestions of
experts in the field of the environmentally safe waste disposal, but there should be also a
will and ability of experts to evaluate adequately, and to apply properly, the new methods,
techniques and technologies for optimization of waste management strategies in a
national, regional and global scale and for making national waste management practices
compatible with regional and global strategies. These strategies should comprise the total
waste stream management and should consider all kinds of waste origins of different
volume, properties and extent of the environmental impact in compliance with the up-to-
date state of knowledge.
In the last decade, there has been growing awareness and interest in the
environmentally safe management of non-hazardous waste; in the European Union and
Accession Countries it resulted in consolidated legislative, standardization, administrative
and research activity in this arena. It is aimed to develop short- and long-term waste
management strategies and their consequent implementation in compliance with the
formulated priorities: (1) waste minimization; (2) recycling and reuse; (3) environmentally
safe disposal.
This book covers a broad group of wastes, from biowaste to hazardous waste, but
primarily the largest (by volume) group of wastes that are not hazardous, but also are not
inert, and are problematic for three major reasons: (1) they are difficult to manage because
of their volume: usually they are used in civil engineering as a common fill, where they are
exposed to atmospheric conditions almost the same way as at disposal sites, or in
agriculture as soil amendments etc.; (2) they are not geochemically stable and in the
different periods of environmental exposure undergo transformations that might add
hazardous properties to the material that are not displayed when it is freshly generated; (3)
many designers and researchers in different countries involved in the waste management
are often not aware of time-delayed adverse environmental impact of some large-volume
waste, and also do not consider some positive properties that may extend the area of their
environmentally beneficial application.
The aim of this book is to contribute to:
(cid:12)9 Unification of pollution-control legislation with respect to solid waste (SW) and solid
waste disposal facilities (SWDFs) through critical discussion of national regulations in
different countries;
(cid:12)9 Implementation in compliance with current state of knowledge;
(cid:12)9 Introduction of advanced, reliable and cost-effective monitoring strategies in SWDF
sites that would provide an early alert for undertaking remedial actions;
(cid:12)9 Extending information on the most promising and efficient emerging remediation
technologies.
Preface vii
The contributors to the book are recognized experts in the various fields associated with
the issues and are from different parts of the world. They present their experience and
approaches, taking into consideration also local specifics. The book is addressed to the
wide range of decision-makers and professionals involved in environmental issues:
administration, designers, and to researchers, as well as to academic teachers and
university students and is focused on waste properties, environmental behavior and
management in an environmentally safe way. It considers municipal waste, hazardous
waste and waste other than hazardous, with a special regard to this last and largest group
that often combines properties of either biowaste or at some stages of weathering
transformations also of hazardous waste. The knowledge and awareness of these
properties are still limited. It was not the intention of the editors to exhaust the subject,
which is extremely broad, but to give a general idea about the up-to-date trends in the field
of solid waste disposal, monitoring, assessment and remedial options, exemplified also in
the case studies.
The scope of the book:
1. Critically discuss international and national legislation and regulatory frameworks
concerning SW in different countries representing various levels of economy
development.
2. Summarize data concerning pollution potential of major groups of bulk solid wastes
(both hazardous and other than hazardous as a function of time and storage/disposal
conditions, on the background of existing legislation/control strategies.
3. Provide state-of-the-art information and discussion on: (i) advanced monitoring
techniques and equipment for SW pollution potential evaluation and SWDF sites
screening and characterization; (ii) monitoring strategies, methods, techniques and
equipment to provide early means to detect, and in situ intercept or remediate
environmental contamination; (iii) post-closure and life cycle monitoring strategies.
4. Present and critically discuss innovative methods and technologies for environmentally
safe disposal and in situ remediation of SW.
5. Present and critically discuss emerging strategies and technologies for solid waste
management with regard to adequate adjustment of environmental legislation and
monitoring.
We hope this book to some extent will contribute to the harmonization of efforts
directed to the proper, environmentally safe solid waste disposal practices as well as to
wider and more dynamic implementation of the advanced approach, methods and
techniques for waste management, monitoring and contaminated site remediation.
The Editors
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Acknowledgements
Special gratitude is expressed to Herb Allen, Tony Kettrup, and Bill Lacy, the most
capable professionals I have ever had the pleasure to work with, who kindly agreed to
share with me the hardships of editorial work and were also brilliant authors of the
chapters. On behalf of all of the Editors I thank the contributing authors, the recognized
experts in the field of environmentally safe waste managing, treating and disposing for
sharing their outstanding expertise with the readers. The invaluable assistance of Sebastian
Stefaniak and Thomas Rachwal in the book preparation is highly appreciated.
Life is sometimes cruel. An excellent author and devoted researcher, A. S. Juwarkar,
untimely departed from this world. ! believe that his farewell contribution will last for a
long time and will receive the appreciation of the readers. The acknowledgement is due to
his colleagues and co-workers, who completed the preparation of his contribution.
Irena Twardowska