Solid-State Physics: An Introduction to Principles of Materials Science

508 Pages·2003·14.524 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Harald Ibach, Professor Dr. Hans Lüth (auth.)

-
-
Periodic Table of the Elements
H, 12-'He
P3.67)7/6m mc P3.6533/1m mc
6.162 5.693
L~i: ~ ~(I-:Be: m' ~~II •Rr h-Jo8mm b. CFd 3m aP-2N131 ICX2-O/mj ICX2-F/ml 1N- •m 3m
5.057 3.567 5.644 5.403 4.455
ill 3.429
5.086
(l-Na Mg I Element AI S, P (I-S, CI, A<
P63/mmc P63immc Space group symbol Fm3m Fd3m Cmea fddd Cmea Fm3m
3767 3209 I Lattice constant a 4.050 5.431 3.314 10.465 6.24 5.311
- Lattice constant b 10.478 12.866 4.48
6154 5210 Lattice constant c 4.376 24.486 826
K a-Ca .-S< (l-Ti V C, Ol-Mn Cl-Fe I7:-CO N; C. z. IX-Ga Ge a-As S- R" K,
5Im.332m 5rm5838m P3.6330/9m mc P2965ll1m mc ]I.m0234m I2m8835m 184.931m4 I2m.836m6 3F.m54]4m 3F.m5234rn 3F.m6135m 2P.6636/4rn mc C4.m51e9a 5F.d635m8 4R.1Jm32 4P.33l6.'262 1 6C.m73e7a F5.m7231m
7.657 4.548
5.273 4684 4.947 4.526 4.959 8.761
Face-centered cubic structure Fm3m, O~ Sourte' Landolt-Bornstell1, New Series Vol. lll,b
Bo·dy-centered cubic ~trudure 1m 3m, O~ Structure Data of Elements and lmume/aUit Phases
Hexagonal close packing P631mmc, Dth (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1971)
Rhombohedral structure R'Im, Djd
Diamond structurc' Fd3m, O~
Right-and left-handed sclcnmm stTUcture: P1,21, Dt P1221, f)~
Solid -State Physics
Advanced Texts in Physics
This program of advanced texts covers a broad spectrum of topics which are of
current and emerging interest in physics. Each book provides a comprehensive and
yet accessible introduction to a field at the forefront of modern research. As such,
these texts are intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students at the MS
and PhD level; however, research scientists seeking an introduction to particular
areas of physics will also benefit from the titles in this collection.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
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Harald Ibach Hans Ltith
Solid-State
Physics
An Introduction to Principles
of Materials Science
Third Extensively Updated and Enlarged Edition
With 263 Figures, 17 Panels and 100 Problems
Springer
Professor Dr. Harald Ibach
Institut fur Schichten und Grenzftiichen
Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich and
Rheinisch-Westfălische Technische Hochschule
52062 Aachen, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Professor Dr. Hans Liith
Institut fiir Schichten und Grenzftăchen
Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH, 52425 Jiilich and
Rheinisch-Westfălische Technische Hochschule
52062 Aachen, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Title of the German original edition:
H. Ibach, H. Liith: Festkorperphysik. Einfuhrung in die Grulldlagen (Sechste Auftage)
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1981, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1999, 2002
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data: !bach, H., 1941-[Festkiirperphysik. English] Solid
state physics: an introduction to principles ofmaterials science/ Harald !bach, Hans Liith.-3rd exten
sivelyup-datedandenL ed. p.cm.-(Advanced textsinphysics, ISSK 1439-2674) Includes bibliographical
references and index. ISBN 35404387oX (acid-free paper) 1. Solid state physics. 1. Liith, H. (Hans) II.
Title. III. Series. QC 176.!2313 2003 530.4'1-dc21 2002036466
ISSN 1439-2674
ISBN 978-3-540-43870-0 ISBN 978-3-662-05342-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-05342-3
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Preface to the Third Edition
Our German textbook "Festkorperphysik" has meanwhile appeared in its
6th edition, extensively revised and extended in comparison to the latest 2nd
English edition. Presently, the book has been translated into Japanese, Kor
ean and Polish and is used as a standard text in many universities around
the world. It is therefore high time to carefully revise the English text and
bring it up to par with the latest 6th German edition. The sections on "High
Temperature Superconductors" as well as Panel XVI on "Shubnikov-de
Haas Oscillations and Quantum Hall Effect" are completely revised accord
ing to the present deeper understanding of the phenomena. This 3rd English
edition has furthermore been expanded by several chapters to meet the edu
cational requirements for recent fields of research. We let ourselves be
guided by the idea that modern teaching of solid state physics emphasizes
aspects of material science and its applications, in particular in solid state
electronics. Accordingly, deviations from the ideal periodic solid have
gained more weight in the text: we now consider phase diagrams of alloys,
some basics of defect physics and amorphous solids. Because of the impor
tance of strained layer systems in device physics, inclusion of the funda
mentals of crystal elasticity theory seems (again) necessary, so a new chap
ter is devoted to this topic. The additional chapter on the excitation spec
trum of a superconductor is intended to further the understanding of mod
ern research on superconductor/normal conductor interfaces as well as on
applications in superconductor electronics. For similar reasons, sections on
the metal/semiconductor Schottky-contact and on the basic concepts of im
portant semiconductor devices have been included in the new edition. With
all of these additions we have tried to maintain the spirit of the book,
namely to put the phenomena into a general frame of an atomistically
founded understanding of solid state physics.
We thank Dr. Klaus Dahmen, Dr. Arno Forster, Dr. Margret Giesen, Dr.
Michel Marso, Prof. Dr. Angela Rizzi and Dr. Thomas Schapers for discus
sions on special topics and many suggestions for improving the presenta
tion.
We express our thanks to Dr. H. J. Koelsch, Dr. T. Schneider and Mr.
C.-D. Bachem of Springer-Verlag for the pleasant collaboration.
Jiilich and Aachen, January 2003 H. Ibach . H. Luth
Preface to the Second Edition
Our German textbook "Festkorperphysik" has become rather popular
among German-speaking students, and is currently produced in its 4th edi
tion. Its English version has already been adopted by many universities in
the United States and other countries. This new 2nd edition corresponds to
the 4th edition in German.
In addition to correcting some typographical errors and making small
improvements in the presentation, in the present edition some chapters have
been revised or extended. Panel V, for example, has been extended to in
clude a description of angle-resolved photoemission and its importance for
the study of electronic band structures. Section 10.10 on high-temperature
superconductors has been completely rewritten. This active field of research
continues to progress rapidly and many new results have emerged since the
publication of the first edition. These results shed new light on much of the
fundamental physics.
The new version of Sect. 10.10 has been developed in discussions with
colleagues who are themselves engaged in superconductivity research. We
thank, in particular, Professor C. Calandra from the University of Modena
and Dr. R. Wordenweber of the Institute of Thin Film and Ion Technology
at the Research Centre Jiilich.
The revision of the problems was done with the help of Dr. W. Daum,
Dr. A. Forster, A. Leuther and Ch. Ohler. We would like to thank them for
their efforts. We also thank Dr. Margret Giesen for numerous improvements
to the manuscript as well as Dr. Angela Lahee for the competent translation
of the revised or new sections.
1tilich and Aachen, April 1995 H. Ibach . H. Lath
Preface to the First Edition
In recent decades solid state physics has seen many dramatic new develop
ments and has become one of the largest independent branches of physics.
It has simultaneously expanded into many new areas, playing a vital role in
fields that were once the domain of the engineering and chemical sciences.
A consequence of this explosive development is that no single university
lecturer can today be expected to have a detailed knowledge of all aspects
of this vast subject; likewise, it is impossible to conceive of a course that
could offer students a comprehensive understanding of the entire discipline
and its many applications.
In view of this situation, it is particularly valuable to have a textbook
that gives a concise account of the essential elements of the physics of
solids. In this book the fundamental aspects of solid state physics are pre
sented according to the scheme: Chemical bonding, structure, lattice dy
namics, and electronic properties. We believe that this sequence is the opti
mum choice for tutorial purposes. It enables the more difficult concepts to
be introduced at a point where a basic understanding of fundamental ideas
has already been achieved through the study of simple models and exam
ples. In addition to this carefully structured exposition of classical solid
state theory based on the periodic solid and the one-electron approximation,
the book also includes comprehensive descriptions of the most active areas
in modem research: magnetism, superconductivity and semiconductor phys
ICS.
The chapter on magnetism discusses the exchange coupling of both lo
calized and delocalized electrons, and will even guide the reader to the
point when he or she can appreciate modem thin-film experiments. The
standard picture of superconductivity is elucidated by means of a simplified
presentation of BCS theory. A section is also devoted to the novel high
temperature superconductors. This field, however, remains in such a state
of flux that it was necessary to confine the treatment to some selected ex
perimental results and a few central ideas about this fascinating phenome
non. The chapter on semiconductors contains, in addition to a general in
troduction to these materials and their properties, detailed descriptions of
semiconductor heterostructures, superlattices, epitaxy, and the quantum Hall
effect.
In solid state physics, the interaction between theory and experiment
has always played, and continues to play, a vital role. We have thus at
tempted throughout this book to steer a middle course in which both theory
VIII Preface to the First Edition
and experiment are adequately represented. Where a theoretical approach is
helpful and not too cumbersome, we have not hesitated in challenging the
reader with the necessary abstract concepts. Furthermore, we have tried to
include theoretical methods and concepts, for example, those of group the
ory, that are indispensible for an understanding of contemporary original
publications dealing with solid state theory.
The concise presentation of the essential theoretical aspects is comple
mented by the inclusion of selected experimental methods and examples,
summarized in the form of self-contained panels. These offer the reader the
opportunity to test and consolidate the material already studied and may
prove helpful in stimulating further study in areas of particular interest.
Students will also benefit significantly from working through the exten
sive series of problems that relate to each chapter. These examples are not
restricted to calculations based on the methods described in the text; in
many cases they lead into areas that lie outside the scope of the main pre
sentation. All of the examples have been put to the test in our own lecture
courses. Nonetheless, the student may often need a helping hand or some
preparatory instruction from a lecturer. The problems will be useful to both
students and lecturers; they are designed to stimulate further study and to
illustrate the connections between different disciplines.
This book is a translation of the third edition of the original German
text. The authors consider it their immensely good fortune to have been
supported by Dr. Angela Lahee in the translation and editing of this work.
We are also grateful to numerous colleagues who over the years have of
fered valuable suggestions about the presentation of the book or have sup
plied the experimental material described herein. For her critical reading of
parts of the manuscript and the page proofs we thank in particular Dr. An
gela Rizzi. Other valuable contributions were made by Dr. W. Daum, Mr.
Ch. Stuhlman, Dr. M. Wuttig and Mr. G. Bogdanyi. The figures were pre
pared with great care and patience by Mrs. U. Marx-Birmans and Mr. H.
Mattke. The German manuscript was typed by Mrs. D. Kruger, Mrs. Jurss
Nysten and Mrs. G. Offermann. We express our thanks to Dr. H. Lotsch
and Mr. C.-D. Bachem of Springer-Verlag for the pleasant collaboration.
JUlich, January 1991 H. Ibach . H. Lath
Contents
1 Chemical Bonding in Solids .......................... 1
1.1 The Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Covalent Bonding ................................... 4
1.3 Ionic Bonding ...................................... 9
1.4 Metallic Bonding ................................... 13
1.5 The Hydrogen Bond ................................. 15
1.6 The van der Waals Bond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
2 Structure of Solid Matter ............................ 21
2.1 The Crystal Lattice .................................. 22
2.2 Point Symmetry .................................... 25
2.3 The 32 Crystal Classes (Point Groups) ................... 27
2.4 The Significance of Symmetry ......................... 28
2.5 Simple Crystal Structures ............................. 31
2.6 Phase Diagrams of Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
2.7 Defects in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
3 Diffraction from Periodic Structures ................... 51
3.1 General Theory of Diffraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
3.2 Periodic Structures and the Reciprocal Lattice ............. 57
3.3 The Scattering Conditions for Periodic Structures . . . . . . . . . .. 58
3.4 The Bragg Interpretation of the Laue Condition ............ 60
3.5 Brillouin Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
3.6 The Structure Factor ................................. 64
3.7 Methods of Structure Analysis ......................... 67
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
Panel I: Diffraction Experiments with Various Particles ........... 72
Panel II: X-Ray Interferometry and X-Ray Topography. . . . . . . . . .. 79
4 Dynamics of Atoms in Crystals ....................... 85
4.1 The Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86
4.2 The Equation of Motion .............................. 87
4.3 The Diatomic Linear Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
4.4 Scattering from Time-Varying Structures -
Phonon Spectroscopy ................................ 93