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Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics Christo Papadopoulos Solid-State Electronic Devices An Introduction Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8917 UndergraduateLectureNotesinPhysics(ULNP)publishesauthoritativetextscoveringtopics throughout pure and applied physics. Each title in the series is suitable as a basis for undergraduate instruction, typically containing practice problems, worked examples, chapter summaries,andsuggestionsforfurtherreading. ULNPtitlesmustprovideatleastoneofthefollowing: (cid:129) Anexceptionallyclearandconcisetreatmentofastandardundergraduatesubject. (cid:129) Asolidundergraduate-levelintroductiontoagraduate,advanced,ornon-standardsubject. (cid:129) Anovelperspectiveoranunusualapproachtoteachingasubject. ULNPespeciallyencouragesnew,original,andidiosyncraticapproachestophysicsteachingat theundergraduatelevel. The purpose of ULNP is to provide intriguing, absorbing books that will continue to be the reader’spreferredreferencethroughouttheiracademiccareer. SeriesEditors Neil Ashby Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA William Brantley Professor, Furman University, Greenville, SC, USA Michael Fowler Professor, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Michael Inglis Professor, SUNY Suffolk County Community College, Selden, NY, USA Elena Sassi Professor, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Helmy Sherif Professor, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Christo Papadopoulos Solid-State Electronic Devices An Introduction ChristoPapadopoulos ElectricalandComputerEngineering UniversityofVictoria Victoria,BC,Canada ISSN2192-4791 ISSN2192-4805(electronic) ISBN978-1-4614-8835-4 ISBN978-1-4614-8836-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-8836-1 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013949154 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) To George, Meropi, and those who have given more than they have taken. Preface This book provides an elementary treatment of the solid-state electronic devices that are thefoundation ofmodernelectronicsystemsand informationtechnology. The concepts and devices presented underlie semiconductor integrated circuit technology and virtually all of the industrial and consumer electronics products that are now so ubiquitous and indispensable to everyday life. From an academic pointofview,electronicsisasubjectthattodayimpactsandisimportanttoalmost everyfieldofscienceandengineeringduetoitsbroadandcross-cuttinginterdisci- plinarynature. Theaimofthistextbookistoprovideaconciseexpositiononthemainelectronic devices upon which most modern electronics is based, in addition to emerging trendsandapplicationsofthistechnology.Themainaudienceisundergraduateand beginninggraduatestudentsinengineeringandappliedphysics.However,thebook was written so that anyone with first/second year university level physics and mathematicsshouldbeabletounderstandthematerial.Physics,chemistry,biology, engineering, and related fields are becoming more and more intertwined, and the texttriestouseanapproachthatmaintainsaccessibilitytoawideaudience.Readers of this book can expect to derive a solid foundation for understanding today’s electronicdevicesandalsobepreparedforfuturedevelopmentsandadvancements inthisfar-reachingareaofscienceandtechnology. Thecontentsarelargelybasedonanundergraduatecourse Ihave taughtat the University of Victoria and developed further during a brief study leave. I have attempted to constrain the treatment to those structures/devices that are most relevant to modern electronics. As a result, several topics and devices have not been included so as not to detract from the fundamental concepts. In several instances, straightforward extensions of the ideas presented can be found in one ofthemanyexcellentmoreadvancedandcomprehensivereferencesavailable. Chapters 1–4 cover the basic solid-state electronic structures and devices requiredforaone-termcourse.Chapter5onemergingareasanddevicesprovides a glimpse into the future of electronics and also shows how the core electronics materialofthepreviouschaptersisbeingextendedintonewdirectionsandleading tonovelapplications inmanydiverseareas.AppendixAprovidesareview ofthe vii viii Preface relevantphysicsofsemiconductorsneededtounderstandelectronicdevicesandcan beusedasastartingpointorsimplyreferredtowhennecessary. IwouldliketothankChristopherT.CoughlinandHoYingFanfromSpringer fortheirsupportandpatienceduringthewritingprocess.IalsothankSpyrithoula- Alida Gountas for assisting with several of the figure illustrations. As always, the supportofmyfamilyhasbeenakeycomponentthatinspiredthisbookandhelpedit come to fruition. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Jimmy Xu who first introduced me to the rich and exciting field of electronic devices while I was an undergraduatestudentattheUniversityofToronto. Victoria,BC,Canada ChristoPapadopoulos “TheLionessandtheFoxmeetingtogether,fellinto discourse;andtheconversationturninguponthe breeding,andthefruitfulnessofsomeliving creaturesaboveothers,theFoxcouldnotforbear takingtheopportunityofobservingtotheLioness, thatforherpart,shethoughtFoxeswereashappy inthatrespectasalmostanyothercreatures;for thattheybredconstantlyonceayear,ifnotoftener, andalwayshadagoodlitterofcubsateverybirth: andyet,saysshe,therearethosewhoarenever deliveredofmorethanoneatatime,andthat perhapsnotaboveonceortwicethroughtheir wholelife,whoholduptheirnoses,andvalue themselvessomuchuponit,thattheythinkallother creaturesbeneaththem,andscarceworthytobe spokento. TheLioness,whoallthewhileperceivedatwhom thisreflectionpointed,wasfiredwithresentment, andwithagooddealofvehemencereplied:what youhaveobservedmaybetrue,andthatnotwithout reason.Youproduceagreatmanyatalitter,and often,butwhatarethey?Foxes.Iindeedhavebut oneatatime,butyoushouldremember,thatthis oneisaLion.” Aesop1 1FablesofAesopandothers,translatedbySamuelCroxall. ix