Solid state chemistry : an introduction

483 Pages·2012·4.55 MB·English

by  Moore

Chemistry SMART
MOORE
FOURTH EDITION
SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
AN INTRODUCTION
Building a foundation with a thorough description of crystalline structures, 
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Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, Fourth Edition presents a wide 
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range of the synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and character-
ize solids. Going beyond basic science, the book explains and analyzes  L
modern techniques and areas of research. I
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The book covers A  A N I N T R O D U C T I O N
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• A range of synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and IT
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characterize solids
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• Bonding, superconductivity, and electrochemical, magnetic, optical, R
and conductive properties OE
D 
• STEM, ionic conductivity, nanotubes and related structures such as
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graphene, metal organic frameworks, and FeAs superconductors
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• Biological systems in synthesis, solid state modeling, and T
E
metamaterials I
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This largely nonmathematical introduction to solid state chemistry includes
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basic crystallography and structure determination, as well as practical  S
examples of applications and modern developments to offer students the T
opportunity to apply their knowledge in real-life situations and serve them well R
throughout their degree course. 
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New in the Fourth Edition
• Coverage of multiferroics, graphene, and iron-based high temperature
superconductors, the techniques available with synchrotron radiation, and
metal organic frameworks (MOFs)
• More space devoted to electron microscopy and preparative methods
• New discussion of conducting polymers in the expanded section on
carbon nanoscience
FOURTH
EDITION
K12133
ISBN: 978-1-4398-4790-9
90000
9 781439 847909

A N I N T R O D U C T I O N

A N I N T R O D U C T I O N
Boca Raton London New York
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20120106
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4792-3 (eBook - PDF)
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Dedicated to our children
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Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition ...................................................................................xv
Preface to the Third Edition ..................................................................................xvii
Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................................xix
Preface to the First Edition .....................................................................................xxi
Authors .................................................................................................................xxiii
List of Units, Prefixes, and Constants ....................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Crystal Structures ..................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Close Packing ............................................................................2
1.3 Body-Centred and Primitive Structures ....................................6
1.4 Symmetry ..................................................................................8
1.4.1 Symmetry Notation ......................................................9
1.4.2 Axes of Symmetry .......................................................9
1.4.3 Planes of Symmetry ...................................................10
1.4.4 Inversion .....................................................................11
1.4.5 Inversion Axes and Improper Symmetry Axes
and the Identity Element ............................................11
1.4.6 Operations ..................................................................13
1.4.7 Symmetry in Crystals .................................................13
1.5 Lattices and Unit Cells ............................................................14
1.5.1 Lattices .......................................................................14
1.5.2 One- and Two-Dimensional Unit Cells ......................15
1.5.3 Translational Symmetry Elements .............................16
1.5.4 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells .....18
1.5.5 Miller Indices .............................................................23
1.5.6 Interplanar Spacings ...................................................25
1.5.7 Packing Diagrams ......................................................25
1.6 Crystalline Solids ....................................................................27
1.6.1 Ionic Solids with Formula MX...................................28
1.6.2 Solids with General Formula MX .............................33
2
1.6.3 Other Important Crystal Structures ...........................37
1.6.4 Ionic Radii ..................................................................40
1.6.5 Extended Covalent Arrays..........................................47
1.6.6 Bonding in Crystals ....................................................49
1.6.7 Atomic Radii ..............................................................51
1.6.8 Molecular Structures ..................................................51
1.6.9 Silicates ......................................................................54
1.6.10 Quasicrystals ..............................................................57
vii
viii Contents
1.7 Lattice Energy .........................................................................59
1.7.1 Born–Haber Cycle ......................................................59
1.7.2 Calculating Lattice Energies ......................................61
1.7.3 Calculations Using Thermochemical Cycles
and Lattice Energies ...................................................67
1.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................69
Questions ............................................................................................70
Chapter 2 Physical Methods for Characterising Solids ......................................75
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................75
2.2 X-Ray Diffraction ....................................................................75
2.2.1 Generation of X-Rays .................................................75
2.2.2 Diffraction of X-Rays .................................................77
2.3 Powder Diffraction ..................................................................79
2.3.1 Powder Diffraction Patterns .......................................79
2.3.2 Absences Due to Lattice Centring .............................80
2.3.3 Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes
and Glide Planes .........................................................84
2.3.4 Uses of Powder X-Ray Diffraction .............................86
2.4 Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction ............................................90
2.4.1 Importance of Intensities ............................................90
2.4.2 Solving Single Crystal Structures ..............................93
2.4.3 High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction .................................95
2.5 Neutron Diffraction .................................................................96
2.5.1 Uses of Neutron Diffraction .....................................100
2.6 Electron Microscopy .............................................................101
2.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy ................................102
2.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy ..........................104
2.6.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis ..........................107
2.6.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy ..........108
2.6.5 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ........................108
2.6.6 superSTEM...............................................................111
2.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy .................................................111
2.7.1 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy ............................112
2.8 Atomic Force Microscopy .....................................................114
2.9 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy ...........................................116
2.9.1 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure ............116
2.9.2 X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure and
Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure ..........122
2.10 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy .........124
2.11 Thermal Analysis ..................................................................128
2.11.1 Differential Thermal Analysis .................................128
2.11.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis....................................129
2.11.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry ..........................130