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Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Modeling and Applications Edited by Moghtada Mobedi, Kamel Hooman, and Wen-Quan Tao First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-10018-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-10026-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-21326-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003213260 Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editors .......................................................................................................................ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 An Introduction to Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Systems ....1 Moghtada Mobedi, Kamel Hooman, and Wen-Quan Tao Chapter 2 Solid–Liquid Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage: Opportunities and Challenges ............................................................15 A. Stamatiou, S. Maranda, L. J. Fischer, and J. Worlitschek Chapter 3 Experimental Techniques and Challenges in Evaluating the Performance of PCMs ........................................................................37 S. Mancin, M. Calati, and D. Guarda Chapter 4 Design Criteria for Advanced Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems .....................................................................71 Chunrong Zhao and Kamel Hooman Chapter 5 Multi-Scale Modeling in Solid–Liquid Phase Change Conjugate Heat Transfer for Thermal Energy Storage Applications ..................97 Qinlong Ren, Li Chen, Yu-Bing Tao, and Wen-Quan Tao Chapter 6 Latent Heat of Fusion and Applications of Silicon-Metal Alloys ....127 Ming Liu, Peter Majewski, Frank Bruno, Nikki Stanford, Rhys Jacob, Shane Sheoran, and Serge Bondarenko Chapter 7 Heat Transfer Augmentation of Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems Employing Extended Surfaces and Heat Pipes ..................145 B. Kamkari and L. Darvishvand Chapter 8 Fin-Metal Foam Hybrid Structure for Enhancing Solid–Liquid Phase Change .............................................................169 Xiaohu Yang, Ming-Jia Li, and Kamel Hooman v vi Contents Chapter 9 Micro- and Nano-Encapsulated PCM Fluids ...................................191 M. Mehrali, M. Shahi, and A. Mahmoudi Chapter 10 Structural Classification of PCM Heat Exchangers .........................217 Moghtada Mobedi and Chunyang Wang Chapter 11 Cool Thermal Energy Storage: Water and Ice to Alternative Phase Change Materials ...................................................................243 Sandra K. S. Boetcher Chapter 12 Evolution of Melt Path in a Horizontal Shell and Tube Latent Heat Storage System for Concentrated Solar Power Plants .............257 Soheila Riahi, Michael Evans, Ming Liu, Rhys Jacob, and Frank Bruno Chapter 13 Sensible and Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Parallel Channels ....275 B. Buonomo, A. di Pasqua, O. Manca, S. Nardini, and S. Sabet Chapter 14 Recent Progress of Phase Change Materials and a Novel Application to Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management ......................................................................295 Yiwei Wang, Peng Peng, Wenjiong Cao, and Fangming Jiang Chapter 15 Phase Change Material-Based Thermal Energy Storage for Cold Chain Applications – From Materials to Systems ...................315 Yelaman Maksum, Lin Cong, Boyang Zou, Binjian Nie, Siyuan Dai, Yongliang Li, Yanqi Zhao, Bakytzhan Akhmetov, Lige Tong, Li Wang, and Yulong Ding Index ......................................................................................................................337 Preface Providing an introduction to both solid–liquid phase change and advanced aspects of the many problems, this book is prepared keeping both industry and academia in mind. Fundamental aspects of the phase change problem as well as practical implementation of the technology developed based on it are analyzed. The book offers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental techniques that are implemented to understand the underlying physics and also to facilitate the use of solid–liquid thermal energy systems in lab-, prototype-, and full-scale applications. Theoretical modeling of these systems, the governing equations, assumptions, and solutions by improved numerical methods are explained in different chapters of this book. Different important topics in this area from classification of phase change material (PCM) heat exchangers to enhancement of heat transfer by using fins, high conductive porous media, encapsulated PCMs, and nanoparticles are discussed. Recent advances in PCM-based thermal energy storage systems, due to the rapid development of the technology and the increasing number of studies in this area, are surveyed here. Preparing the chapters, the authors’ intention was to provide a guideline, where possible, for policy-makers, practicing engineers, and researchers to improve their designs and help with decision-making processes. The book consists of three sections: Introduction, Fundamental Studies, and Applications. INTRODUCTION Solid–liquid thermal storage has been the subject of many studies, but we preferred to start the book with an introduction chapter briefly explaining the importance of thermal storage, their classification, as well as difficulties faced in their design and deployment. Many studies have been carried out on PCMs to improve their latent heat and thermophysical properties and also to manufacture new PCMs for different working temperatures. Chapter 2 discusses recent studies on PCMs focusing on materials. The chapter identifies eight material-related challenges that currently hin- der robust operation of PCMs and in developing novel ones. Chapter 3 focuses on the experimental methods for this kind of thermal storage system. It is subdivided into two main sections: the first one goes over fundamental studies trying to dem- onstrate different experimental techniques, while the second one presents different applications focusing on the most important performance parameters to be evaluated experimentally. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES Chapter 4 aims at providing design guidelines for optimal performance of storage tanks containing solid–liquid PCMs. The authors reviewed and listed some of the approximate solutions for melting and solidification in storage tanks filled with PCMs under the effect of thermal conductivity enhancers or thermal spreaders. Being highly flexible and low cost to implement, numerical modeling plays an indispensable role vii viii Preface in investigating thermo-hydraulics of latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Chapter 5 highlights the multiscale numerical methods and their coupling schemes for solid–liquid phase change conjugate heat transfer including molecular dynamics simulation, lattice Boltzmann method, and finite volume method as well as the applications of multiscale modeling technique. Chapter 6 discusses a number of silicon alloys studied with respect to their melting temperatures (850°C–1400°C) and latent heat of fusion to provide insight on the use of silicon alloys for thermal energy storage. Chapter 7 briefly introduces the different heat transfer enhancement techniques employed in solid–liquid thermal energy storage systems, particularly fins and heat pipes. Methods for enhancement of heat transfer continue with Chapter 8 which is on a fin-metal foam hybrid structure. Thermal energy charging/discharging performance for the proposed hybrid structure is experimentally evaluated by closely monitoring the full melting time, temperature response, and melting front evolution. Finally, combination of carrier fluids and PCMs has been studied in Chapter 9 where the current state of research on encapsulated phase change slurries has been touched on. APPLICATIONS Increasing the TRL (Technology Readiness Level) for PCM heat exchangers has been a goal sought by this book. Hence, an entire section has been devised to focus on industrial applications by listing the challenges, opportunities, and success sto- ries. Chapter 10 reviews 150 studies on PCM heat exchangers and classifies them so that their advantages and disadvantages can be known. Chapter 11 summarizes different types of water/ice thermal energy storage systems and provides an overview of alternative PCMs to be used in cool thermal energy storage systems. The evolution of melt front in a horizontal shell and tube latent heat storage system for concentrated solar power plants is investigated in Chapter 12. The possibility of having a melt trap around a tube in horizontal orientation of a shell and tube thermal energy storage system is investigated by using thermal stress analysis. The application of honeycomb systems is discussed in Chapter 13. The performed analysis simulates heat and fluid flow in the honeycomb system as a porous medium both for the sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage systems. A novel compact cooling system for thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs is proposed in Chapter 14. The suggested cooling system is a hybrid consisting of PCM and heat pipe. Experiments were c onducted to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid thermal management system. Finally, Chapter 15 provides application examples of PCM-based cold energy storage devices through integration within a cold chain, including warehouses and transportation. Editors Moghtada Mobedi is a professor of heat transfer and works in Mechanical Engineering Department, Shizuoka University in Japan. He received his Ph.D. from Middle East Technical University, Turkey in 1994. After working in an HVAC com- pany as a project manager, he worked in the Mechanical Engineering Department of Izmir Institute of Technology in Turkey between 2003 and 2015. Since 2015, he has been working at Shizuoka University and continues his research in Japan. He has taught many bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. courses such as heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics, convective heat transfer, and numerical methods in Turkey, Japan, and European countries. His research interests include heat transfer enhancement in solid–liquid phase change, heat and mass transfer in porous media, adsorption heat pump, and computational fluid dynamics. He published more than 70 papers in international journals as well as 100 papers in national and international conferences and 3 book chapters on the various applications of heat transfer. He has supervised many master’s and Ph.D. students both in Turkey and Japan. He received fellowships from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, European Union, and Cracow University of Technology to visit laboratories of different universities in Japan, Poland, Italy, Sweden, and Austria. He has led many projects funded by “State Planning Department of Turkey”, “Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey”, “Japan Society for the Promotion of Science”, and “Suzuki Foundation” to study on discovering innovative methods for heat transfer enhancement for single convection heat transfer, adsorbent beds as well as for solid–liquid phase change thermal storage. Kamel Hooman is a professor of heat transformation technology at the Delft University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from The University of Queensland in 2009 where he has worked for almost two decades. He is working closely with the industry in the field of thermo-fluids engineering. He was named Australia’s Research Field Leader in Thermal Sciences in 2019. His book “Convective Heat Transfer in Porous Media” has been published in 2019 (CRC Press) to help both undergradu- ate and postgraduate students who work on porous media flows. An author of over 150 archival journal articles, 8 book chapters, and over 50 conference papers, he has given numerous national and international invited lectures, keynote addresses, and presentations. He has been awarded fellowships from Emerald, Australian Research Council, National Science Foundation China, Australian Academy of Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences with visiting professor/researcher posi- tions at the University of Padova, La Sapienza University of Rome, Krakow Institute of Technology, Ecole Centrale Paris, University of Malaya, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology, North Western Polytechnical University, Tianjin University, and Shandong University. He is the associate editor for the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Heat Transfer Engineering, and Journal of Porous Media while serving on the edi- torial/advisory board of some international journals and conferences in the field ix