Solar Resources Mapping: Fundamentals and Applications PDF
Preview Solar Resources Mapping: Fundamentals and Applications
Green Energy and Technology Jesús Polo Luis Martín-Pomares Antonio Sanfilippo Editors Solar Resources Mapping Fundamentals and Applications Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 ú í Jes s Polo Luis Mart n-Pomares (cid:129) (cid:129) fi Antonio San lippo Editors Solar Resources Mapping Fundamentals and Applications 123 Editors Jesús Polo LuisMartín-Pomares Photovoltaic SolarEnergy Unit Qatar EnvironmentandEnergy Research RenewableEnergy Division of CIEMAT Institute Madrid,Spain Hamad BinKhalifaUniversity Doha,Qatar AntonioSanfilippo Qatar EnvironmentandEnergy Research Institute Hamad BinKhalifaUniversity Doha,Qatar ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-3-319-97483-5 ISBN978-3-319-97484-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97484-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964230 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Solarphotovoltaic(PV)represented55%ofthenewrenewableenergyinstallations in 2017, with a total global capacity of 402 GW, exceeding combined fossil fuels and nuclear power additions, according to the Renewables 2018 Global Status Report(REN2018).Atthesametime, theglobaloperatingcommercialcapacityof Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) reached 4.9 GW in 2017 (REN2018) and is expected to double by 2020 (IEA SolarPACES Technology Collaboration Programmes), while the global capacity of solar water heating collectors was estimated to be 472 GW thermal at the end of 2017 (REN2018). Toensurethetechnologicalsustainabilityofthedeepandgrowingpenetrationof solar power, a thorough knowledge and characterization of solar resources world- wide are needed. In addition, the operational use of solar power in tasks such as power grid management, dynamic electricity pricing, and solar energy adoption modelingrequiresfurtheruncertaintyreductionintheassessmentofsolarresources. High-level expertise from several disciplines converges to assist in the deploy- ment of solar power plants. Thermal and energy engineering and deep knowledge of optics contribute to plant design, marketing and finance help address issues of solar energy technology diffusion and bankability, and energy meteorology and geographic computing together enable the characterization of power output from solar energy systems. Amongallresearchanddevelopmentendeavors,themappingofsolarresources is undoubtedly the fundamental activity in providing the information needed to establish the technical and regulatory basis for the diffusion of solar power tech- nologies, especially in developing countries where financial resource mobilization for technological innovation is more challenging. Nevertheless, while the potential for solar power technology adoption in any country certainly depends on solar resource availability, it is ultimately determined by the permeability of the local social, economic, and political context to the introduction and diffusion of renewable energy solutions. In recognizing this dependency, the book aims at addressing both endogenous and exogenous aspects of solar resource mapping, including the ensuing operational applications, since both are involved in the v vi Preface decision-making processes that underlie the adoption of solar energy applications solutions. The book starts with very basic information on solar radiation definitions and magnitudesinChap.1,whereanoverviewontheinteractionofsolarradiationwith the Earth’s atmosphere and basic concepts of solar geometry are presented. Chapters 2–7 are dedicated to the background on measuring and modeling solar irradiance. Chapter 2 presents a thorough review of instruments to measure solar radiation.Theworkingprinciplesandtypesofradiometers(broadbandandspectral) are widely described, and an overview of calibration and traceability is also pre- sented.Chapter3continuesbygivingadetailedvisiononalltheaspectsthatmust be considered when setting up a complete radiometric and meteorological station for monitoring the main involving variables. Recommendations on selecting the site, maintenance actions, sampling and data acquisition, shielding and safety and securityareremarkedinthischapter.Thepartfocusedonmeasuringsolarradiation endsupwithChap.4whichisdedicatedtoqualityassuranceofthemeasurements. Modeling solar radiation for clear sky and all sky conditions are covered through Chaps. 5–7. The state of the art on clear sky models is presented in Chap. 5. This chapter describes thoroughly the aspects from radiative transfer and atmospheric optics thatinfluenceinmodeling thesolar irradiance under cloudless conditions.It presentsalsothemostupdatedandaccurateclearskymodels,theirinputneeds,the impact of atmospheric aerosols and the validation and the sources of uncertainty. Chapter6isfocusedonreviewingthemodelsforallskyconditionssolarradiation derivedfromsatelliteimagerypresentingthefundamentalworkingprinciplesofthe models and lists the most widely used databases and products of solar irradiance retrievedfromsatelliteinformation.ThemodelingpartofthebookendswithChap.7 dedicated to modeling solar radiation with numerical weather prediction models. Numerical weather models have been used mainly for meteorological forecasting, buttheyoffer solarradiationamong themainoutputvariables,andthey havebeen evolved recently to model accurately the solar irradiance. The chapter gives an overview of the background of numerical modeling the atmosphere and then focused on the use of weather models for solar resource assessment. Chapters 8–10 constitute the part of the book focused on mapping and spatial analysis of solar radiation. Chapter 8 describes the different spatial interpolation techniqueswhichcanbeappliedtothegridedoutputofthesatelliteandnumerical modelsincludingexampleswithArcGIS.Italsopresentsthebasisofsolarradiation estimationwithArcGISincludingpracticalexamplesofmapping solarradiationin the urban environment. Chapter 9 summarizes the basic steps in creating solar radiation maps with GIS software. It introduces the basic spatial data types and presents a very simple exercise of a solar radiation map with an open-source softwareGIS.Chapter10describesstatisticaltechniques,clustering,foridentifying specific regions according to solar radiation variability. It presents examples of using these statistical techniques with GIS tools for optimizing the selection of ground stations in a large spatial region. The short-term period ground measure- ments are important to correct the systematic bias of long-term modeled solar radiation from satellite images and numerical models. Preface vii Chapters11–15belongtothepartofthebookdedicatedtospecificapplications of solar energy in a country level to improve environmental sustainability, solving problemssuchasglobalwarming,lackofwater,environmentalpollution,andrapid consumption of natural resources. Chapter 11 provides a summary on modeling solar power plantperformance (photovoltaic and concentrating solar powerplants) for long-term characterization and yield performance analysis. Chapter 12 deals with the spatiotemporal analysis of solar radiation variability and the potential impactonthepowergrid.Spatialvariabilityandsmoothingeffectarementionedin thischapter,andsome remarks for powergridmanagementarealso pointedoutto improve the integration of solar energy. Chapter 13 continues with PV integration andpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewofdemand-sidemanagementandhowthis kind of analysis can foster PV integration. Chapter 14 presents a summary of the actual status of desalinization using concentrating solar systems. Finally, Chap. 15 presents another particular application of solar energy for water detoxification. Thecontributorstothisbookarehighlyskilledexpertsintheirknowledgeareas. Many ofthem are among themost recognizedexperts worldwide insolar resource knowledge and assessment. We, as editors, feel the privilege and proud of having broughttheirparticipationtothisbook,andwewishtothank themextensivelyfor their excellent work in each chapter. The editor board hopes that the reader enjoys the book and can find useful information to its professional activity. Madrid, Spain Jesús Polo Doha, Qatar Luis Martín-Pomares Doha, Qatar Antonio Sanfilippo October 2018 Acknowledgements The authors and editors thank the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) and Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS) of the International Energy Agency for facilitating Task 46 ‘Solar Resource Assessment and Forecasting’ and Task 16 ‘Solar resource for high penetration and large scale applications,’ without which this publication would not have been possible. We thank also Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) from theWorldBankGroup(WB)whosedataexamplesarepresentedherefromseveral solar mapping projects executed in Vietnam and Tanzania. ix Contents 1 Fundamentals: Quantities, Definitions, and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jesús Polo, Luis Martín-Pomares, Christian A. Gueymard, José L. Balenzategui, Fernando Fabero and José P. Silva 2 Solar Radiation Measurement and Solar Radiometers . . . . . . . . . 15 José L. Balenzategui, Fernando Fabero and José P. Silva 3 Establishing a Solar Monitoring Station with Auxiliary Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Frank Vignola 4 Quality Assurance of Solar Radiation Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 99 José P. Silva, José L. Balenzategui, Luis Martín-Pomares, Stefan Wilbert and Jesús Polo 5 Clear-Sky Radiation Models and Aerosol Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Christian A. Gueymard 6 Solar Radiation Modeling from Satellite Imagery. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Jesús Polo and Richard Perez 7 Solar Resource Evaluation with Numerical Weather Prediction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 PedroA.Jiménez,JaredA.Lee,BrankoKosovicandSueEllenHaupt 8 Solar Radiation Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Ana M. Martín and Javier Dominguez 9 Basics on Mapping Solar Radiation Gridded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Jesús Polo and Luis Martín-Pomares 10 Sampling Design Optimization of Ground Radiometric Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Luis Martín-Pomares, Martín Gastón Romeo, Jesús Polo, Laura Frías-Paredes and Carlos Fernández-Peruchena xi
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