Sol-gel Based Nanoceramic Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications

307 Pages·2017·8.626 MB·English

by  Ajay Kumar Mishra (eds.)

Ajay Kumar Mishra Editor
Sol-gel Based
Nanoceramic Materials:
Preparation, Properties
and Applications
Sol-gel Based Nanoceramic Materials: Preparation,
Properties and Applications
Ajay Kumar Mishra
Editor
Sol-gel Based Nanoceramic
Materials: Preparation,
Properties and Applications
123
Editor
AjayKumar Mishra
Nanotechnology andWater Sustainability
ResearchUnit
University of SouthAfrica
Johannesburg
SouthAfrica
ISBN978-3-319-49510-1 ISBN978-3-319-49512-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49512-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016957706
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Preface
Modern science and technology constantly require new and novel materials with
specialproperties.Overthepastdecade,ceramicmaterialshavereceivedsignificant
attention as an active material in components from sensors to biomaterials, elec-
tronics devices to fuel cells, magnets to structural parts, cutting tools to substrates.
These nanocrystalline ceramics have applications in many areas such as industrial
sectors, health, defense, energy, manufacturing, and transport. These nanocrys-
talline ceramics exhibit unique properties such as super-plasticity at elevated tem-
peratures, optical transparency for opaque materials, increased strength and
toughness, bioactivity due to the fine-grain size, abundant grain boundaries, and
controllable crystallinity as well as revolutionary electronic and ionic properties.
Theaimofthisbookistopresenttheresearchanddevelopmentworkconducted
onnanostructure ceramicsand theircomposites.Significant advancementhasbeen
made in the development of sol-gel based nanoceramic materials, which exhibit
either special optical properties or exceptional mechanical characteristics, such as
highstrengthandtoughnessandvariousotherengineeringandmaterialsproperties.
The present book describes the recent and expected challenges along with
potentialsolutionsforsol-gelbasednanostructureceramics.Bothexperimentaland
fundamentaltheoriesbasedchaptershavebeenincludedinthepresentbook.There
are 10 chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction of sol-gel based
nanoceramicswhereasChap.2containstheadvancetechniquesforthesynthesisof
zirconia-based ceramics for thermal barrier application. Chapter 3 is based on the
synthesis of nanostructure ceramics and their composites, while Chap. 4 describes
the structure, stabilities and electronic properties of smart ceramic composites.
Chapter 5 deals with a broader discussion on the advancement of glass ceramic
materials for photonic applications while Chap. 6 describes about ceramic
nanocomposites for oxide fuel cells. Chapter 7 contains a review on nanoceramic
materialsforuseinceramicmatrixcompositeandChap.8containstheapplication
ofhydroxyapatite-based nanoceramicinwastewater treatment.Chapter9describes
sol-gelderivedorganic–inorganichybridceramicmaterialsforheavymetalremoval
and Chap. 10 has the details of properties and applications of hybrid ceramic
materials for photocatalytic applications.
v
vi Preface
The book has been conceived to offer a broad selection of key processing
techniquesandapplicationsforsol-gelbasednanoceramicmaterials.Thereadersof
this book will thus be able to find at one place the state of the art and the com-
prehensive information on various approaches, techniques, and methods for pro-
cessing,fabrication,andapplicationofadvancedceramicsandceramiccomposites.
The present book will be more beneficial to scientists, engineers, technologists,
and researchers working in the industry, national research laboratories, and aca-
demia with interest in traditional and advanced ceramics as well as ceramic com-
posites. Researchers registered for their postgraduate/graduate/undergraduates
degree intheareaofnanoceramics,materials science,andengineeringwill alsobe
equally benefitted.
Johannesburg, South Africa Ajay Kumar Mishra
Contents
1 Nanoceramics: Fundamentals and Advanced Perspectives.... .... 1
Ephraim Vunain,S.B.Mishra,AjayKumarMishra andB.B. Mamba
1.1 General Introduction to Nanomaterials ... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1.1 Introduction to Nanoceramics ... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.2 Techniques to Develop Nanoceramics ... .... .... ..... .... 3
1.2.1 Aqueous Sol–Gel Chemistry for the Synthesis
of Nanoceramics . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 4
1.3 Recent Progress in the Field of Common and Advanced
of Nanoceramics... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5
1.3.1 Silicate-Based Nanoceramics.... .... .... ..... .... 6
1.3.2 Zirconia-Based Nanoceramics ... .... .... ..... .... 7
1.3.3 Titania-Based Nanoceramics .... .... .... ..... .... 7
1.3.4 Borate-Based Nanoceramics .... .... .... ..... .... 8
1.3.5 Silicon Carbide-Based Nanoceramics . .... ..... .... 9
1.3.6 Boron Carbide-Based Nanoceramics .. .... ..... .... 9
1.4 Applications of Nanoceramics . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
1.4.1 Industrial Applications. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10
1.4.2 Environmental Applications. .... .... .... ..... .... 12
1.4.3 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications... ..... .... 13
1.4.4 Defence and Space Applications. .... .... ..... .... 14
1.4.5 Strategic Applications . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15
1.5 Future Scope of Nanoceramics. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 16
2 Advance Techniques for the Synthesis of Nanostructured
Zirconia-Based Ceramics for Thermal Barrier Application... .... 21
Reza Shoja Razavi and Mohammad Reza Loghman-Estarki
2.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
2.2 Zirconia Structure and Its Applications... .... .... ..... .... 22
vii
viii Contents
2.2.1 Types of Stabilized Zirconia .... .... .... ..... .... 24
2.2.1.1 Magnesia-Stabilized Zirconia ... ..... .... 26
2.2.1.2 Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia (CaSZ)..... .... 35
2.2.1.3 Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ). ..... .... 38
2.2.1.4 Ceria Stabilized Zirconia (ZrO –CeO
2 2
Solid Solution) .. .... .... .... ..... .... 49
2.2.1.5 Ceria, Yttria Co-stabilized Zirconia
(CYSZ).... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
2.2.1.6 Scandia, Yttria Co-stabilized Zirconia
(ScYSZ) ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 61
2.2.1.7 Rare Earth Zirconates . .... .... ..... .... 73
2.2.1.8 Zirconia—Alumina Nanocomposite.... .... 77
2.3 Summary .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 83
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 83
3 Synthesis of Nanostructure Ceramics and Their Composites.. .... 93
Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar
3.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 93
3.2 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Ceramic Powders. .... ..... .... 94
3.2.1 Conventional Powder Method... .... .... ..... .... 95
3.2.2 Mechanochemical Synthesis .... .... .... ..... .... 96
3.2.3 Polymer Precursor Route... .... .... .... ..... .... 97
3.2.4 Vapor-Phase Reaction Technique .... .... ..... .... 98
3.2.5 Self-propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
and Combustion Synthesis.. .... .... .... ..... .... 99
3.2.6 Solution Based Techniques . .... .... .... ..... .... 101
3.2.6.1 Sol–Gel.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 101
3.2.6.2 Co-precipitation.. .... .... .... ..... .... 103
3.2.6.3 Spray Decomposition . .... .... ..... .... 105
3.2.6.4 Solution Combustion.. .... .... ..... .... 106
3.2.6.5 Surface Modification Methods... ..... .... 106
3.2.6.6 Industrial Production of Ceramic
Composite Powders... .... .... ..... .... 108
3.3 Summary .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 109
3.4 Future Scenario.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 109
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 110
4 Structure, Stabilities, and Electronic Properties of Smart
Ceramic Composites .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 113
Yoshitaka Fujimoto
4.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 113
4.2 Theoretical Methodology . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 115
4.2.1 First-Principles Total Energy Calculation .. ..... .... 115
4.2.2 Formation Energy .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 116
4.2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images... ..... .... 116
Contents ix
4.2.4 Computational Settings .... .... .... .... ..... .... 116
4.3 Pristine h-BN Monolayer . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 117
4.3.1 Geometry and Energy Band Structure. .... ..... .... 117
4.3.2 Strain Effects and Electronic Properties.... ..... .... 117
4.4 Carbon-Doped h-BN Monolayer.... .... .... .... ..... .... 120
4.4.1 Atomic Structure and Energetics. .... .... ..... .... 120
4.4.2 Ionization Energy .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 120
4.4.3 Energy Band Structure .... .... .... .... ..... .... 122
4.4.4 Work Function .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 124
4.4.5 Electronic State.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 125
4.4.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Image.... ..... .... 126
4.4.7 Total Charge Density.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 128
4.5 Summary .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 129
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 129
5 Advancement of Glass-Ceramic Materials for Photonic
Applications... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 133
Alexander Quandt, Maurizio Ferrari and Giancarlo C. Righini
5.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 133
5.2 Transparent Glass-Ceramics and Their Application
to Integrated and Fibre Optics . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 135
5.2.1 Optical Planar Waveguides . .... .... .... ..... .... 136
5.2.2 Glass-Ceramic Optical Fibres ... .... .... ..... .... 137
5.3 Photoluminescence in Glass-Ceramics and Its Applications .... 138
5.3.1 Luminescence from RE-Activated
Planar Waveguides ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 139
5.3.2 Active Glass-Ceramic Optical Fibres.. .... ..... .... 139
5.4 Glass-Ceramics for Solar Cells. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 141
5.4.1 Solar Cells and Their Efficiencies .... .... ..... .... 141
5.4.2 Luminescent Conversion Layers . .... .... ..... .... 143
5.4.3 Thermo-photovoltaics . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 146
5.5 Other Photonics Applications.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 147
5.5.1 Photonic Crystals. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 148
5.6 Summary and Outlook ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 150
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 152
6 Ceramic Nanocomposites for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ... ..... .... 157
Hui Hui Lim, Erick Sulistya, May Yuan Wong,
Babak Salamatinia and Bahman Amini Horri
6.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 158
6.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 158
6.2.1 Fundamental Mechanism of SOFC ... .... ..... .... 158
6.2.2 Type of SOFC... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 159
6.2.3 Components of a SOFC ... .... .... .... ..... .... 160
x Contents
6.3 Anode (Fuel Electrode)... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 160
6.3.1 Nickel (II) Oxide (NiO).... .... .... .... ..... .... 160
6.3.1.1 Properties of NiO .... .... .... ..... .... 161
6.3.1.2 Synthesis of NiO. .... .... .... ..... .... 161
6.3.2 Nickel/Yittria Stabilized Zirconia (Ni/YSZ)
Cermet Anode... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 162
6.3.2.1 Synthesis of Ni/YSZ Cermet Anode... .... 163
6.3.2.2 Effect of Ni/YSZ Composition Ratio... .... 164
6.3.2.3 Effect of Grain Size... .... .... ..... .... 165
6.3.3 Nickel/Gadolinium-Doped Ceria (Ni/GDC)
Cermet Anode... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 166
6.3.3.1 Synthesis of Ni/GDC Cermet Anode... .... 166
6.4 Electrolyte ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 167
6.4.1 Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) . .... .... ..... .... 167
6.4.1.1 Properties of YSZ.... .... .... ..... .... 167
6.4.1.2 Synthesis of YSZ .... .... .... ..... .... 168
6.4.1.3 Other Materials.. .... .... .... ..... .... 172
6.5 Cathode (Air Electrode) .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 174
6.5.1 Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganite (LSM) .. .... 174
6.5.1.1 Synthesis of Strontium-Doped Lanthanum
Manganite.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 174
6.5.1.2 Effect of Microstructural Properties of
LSM Cathode and Electrochemical
Performance .... .... .... .... ..... .... 175
6.5.1.3 Effect of Variation on Sr Composition
Ratio on LSM Powder .... .... ..... .... 175
6.5.1.4 Effects of Modification of LSM
Based Cathode .. .... .... .... ..... .... 176
6.5.2 LSCF. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 176
6.5.2.1 LSCF Powder Synthesis Methods and
Surface Properties.... .... .... ..... .... 177
6.5.2.2 Effect of Compositional Ratio of LSCF
on Cathodic Performance .. .... ..... .... 177
6.5.2.3 Modifications of LSCF Based Cathode. .... 177
6.6 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 178
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 180
7 A Review of Nanoceramic Materials for Use in Ceramic Matrix
Composites.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 185
Steven L. Suib
7.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 186
7.2 Ceramics. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 186
7.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 186
7.3.1 Definition and Advantages . .... .... .... ..... .... 187
7.3.2 Types of CMC’s. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 188