Soils and Foundations for Architects and Engineers

426 Pages·1998·14.7 MB·English

by  Chester I. Duncan Jr. FASCE (auth.)

SOILS AND
FOUNDATIONS
FOR ARCHITECTS
AND ENGINEERS
Second Edition
SOILSAND
FOUNDATIONS
FOR ARCHITECTS
AND ENGINEERS
Second Edition
by
Chester 1. Duncan, Jr. FASCE
Professor ofA rchitecture
University of Texas at Arlington
"~.
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-7474-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-5417-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5417-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 1998 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 2nd edition 1998
AII rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher.
Printed on acid-free paper.
Table of Contents
Acknow ledgements xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
List of Symbols xvii
British-Metric Conversions XXI
1 CLASSIFICA TION OF SOILS
I-I. INTRODUCTION
1-2. SOIL TERMINOLOGY
1-3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 4
1-4. BY PARTICLE SIZE 5
1-5. BY PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION 8
1-6. BY PLASTICITY 11
1-7. USDA CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 11
1-8. AASHTO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 12
1-9. THE UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 13
1-10. ASTM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 19
I-Il. CLOSURE 20
1-12. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 21
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS 28
2-l. GENERAL 28
2-2. UNIT WEIGHT 29
2-3. POROSITY 31
2-4. VOID RATIO 31
2-5. WATER CONTENT 32
2-6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 32
2-7. REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 33
2-8. RELATIVE DENSITY 33
vi Table of Contents
2-9. UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTH 35
2-10. CONSISTENCY 37
2-11. SENSITIVITY 37
2-12. ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION 39
2-13. COHESION 40
2-14. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 40
3 SUBSURFACE SOIL EXPLORATION 46
3-1. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF SITE 46
3-2. FIELD SURVEY 50
3-3. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS 52
3-4. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION 54
3-5. TEST BORINGS 56
3-6. EARTH BORINGS 56
3-7. MODIFICATIONS TO THE BLOW COUNT N 62
3-8. CORE BORINGS 64
3-9. TYPICAL TEST BORING LOG 67
3-10. GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF SITE 69
3-11. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 70
4 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS 73
4-1. INTRODUCTION 73
4-2. THE COULOMB EQUATION FOR SHEAR RESISTANCE 74
4-3. TESTS FOR SHEAR STRENGTH 74
4-4. V ANE SHEAR TEST 75
4-5. DIRECT SHEAR TEST 76
4-6. TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST 77
4-7. MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESS 82
4-8. NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF THE ANGLE OF
RUPTURE 83
4-9. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 84
5 ALLOWABLE SOIL BEARING PRESSURE 87
5-1. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 87
5-2. SOIL BEHAVIOR AT ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY 88
5-3. EQUATIONS FOR ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY 89
5-4. ALLOW ABLE SOIL BEARING PRESSURE 92
5-5. PRESSURE BULBS 94
5-6. EFFECT OF GROUND WATER ON ULTIMATE BEARING
CAPACITY 96
5-7. RECOMMENDATIONS 96
5-8. PRESUMPTIVE BEARING PRESSURE 98
5-9. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 99
6 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS 106
6-1. INTRODUCTION 106
6-2. SETILEMENT CALCULATIONS-FOOTINGS ON SAND 112
Table of Contents vii
6-3. THE THEORY OF SETTLEMENT- FOOTINGS ON CLAY 114
6-4. CONSOLIDATION TEST 116
6-5. SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS-FOOTINGS ON CLAY 120
6-6. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 122
7 SPREAD FOOTINGS 129
7-1. GENERAL 129
7-2. FOOTING EXCAVATION 129
7-3. APPROVAL OF SUBGRADE 130
7-4. LOAD TRANSFER BETWEEN FOOTING AND GROUND 131
7-5. TYPICAL FOOTING DETAILS 132
7-6. TYPICAL FOOTING REINFORCEMENT 135
7-7. VERTICAL DOWELS 136
7-8. PROPERTY LINE CONSIDERATIONS 138
7-9. FACTORS AFFECTING VERTICAL PLACEMENT OF
FOOTINGS 140
7-10. DEAD LOAD BEARING PRESSURE 144
7-11. CLOSING RECOMMENDATIONS 144
7-12. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 145
8 PILES, PIERS AND CAISSONS 150
8-1. INTRODUCTION 150
8-2. PILES 151
8-3. TIMBER PILES 156
8-4. STEEL SHELL PILES 158
8-5. STRUCTURAL STEEL HP PILES 161
8-6. STEEL PIPE PILES 162
8-7. CONCRETE PIERS 163
8-8. CAISSONS 170
8-9. ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY 173
8-10. ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO COHESION-CLAY 174
8-11. ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO SKIN FRICTION-
SAND 176
8-12. ULTIMATE END BEARING STRESS-CLAY 178
8-13. ULTIMATE END BEARING STRESS-SAND 179
8-14. EVALUATION OF DESIGN BY FORMULA 180
8-15. LOAD TESTS FOR PILES 182
8-16. SAFETY FACTORS 185
8-17. PILE CLUSTERS 186
8-18. ADV ANT AGES AND DISADV ANT AGES 187
8-19. APPROPRIATE USE OF PILES, PIERS AND CAISSONS 189
8-20. CONCRETING WITH TREMIE OR ELEPHANT TRUNK 189
8-21. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 192
9 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 209
9-1. GENERAL 209
9-2. THE CONCEPT OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 209
viii Table of Contents
9-3. ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE AND THE PLANE OF RUPTURE 212
9-4. THE WEDGE THEORY OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE 212
9-5. COEFFICIENT OF ACTIVE PRESSURE 215
9-6. VALIDITY OF THE ACTIVE PRESSURE FORMULAS 216
9-7. EQUIVALENT LIQUID PRESSURE THEORY 217
9-8. NUMERICAL ACCURACY OF Ka AND Pa 217
9-9. CHARTS FOR ESTIMATING BACKFILL PRESSURE 220
9-10. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 221
10 WALLS-CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 225
1O-l. GENERAL 225
10-2. EARTH EMBANKMENT 225
10-3. SHEET PILING RETAINING WALLS 227
10-4. SOLDIER BEAM RETAINING WALLS 228
10-5. SITE PREPARATION FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 230
10-6. BASEMENT WALL-GENERAL CONDITIONS 231
10-7. BASEMENT WALL-TREATMENT AT GRADE 234
10-8. BASEMENT WALL-TREATMENT AT BASE 237
10-9. GRAVITY-RETAINING WALLS 239
10-10. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS 240
10-11. WALLS REQUIRING SPECIAL RESTRAINTS 241
10-12. PRESTRESSED TIEDOWNS AND TIEBACKS 245
10-13. REQUIREMENTS RELATIVE TO BACKFILL 251
10-14. DRAINAGE 255
10-15. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 258
11 WALLS-DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 261
11-l. LATERAL PRESSURE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 261
11-2. BASEMENT WALL DESIGN OPTIONS 265
11-3. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS-MODES OF FAILURE 271
11-4. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS-DIFFERENT TYPES 272
11-5. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS-TYPICAL
REINFORCING 274
11-6. COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALLS 275
11-7. EARTH PRESSURE TRANSFER-CONCRETE TO CONCRETE 275
11-8. EARTH PRESSURE TRANSFER-FOOTING TO GROUND 279
11-9. EARTH PRESSURE TRANSFER-BASEMENT SLAB TO
GROUND 284
11-10. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 286
12 SOIL COMPACTION 299
12-1. GENERAL 299
12-2. BORROW FILL 300
12-3. SITUATIONS WHERE SOIL COMPACTION IS REQUIRED 301
12-4. COMPACTION OF LARGE, OPEN AREAS 302
12-5. COMPACTION OF SMALL, CONFINED AREAS 303
Table of Contents IX
12-6. COMPACTION OF COARSE GRAINED SOILS 305
12-7. COMPACTION OF FINE GRAINED SOILS 310
12-8. COMPACTION OF MIXED GRAINED SOILS 314
12-9. VERIFICATION OF IN-PLACE SOIL DENSITY 314
12-10. FIELD CONTROL OF MOISTURE CONTENT 316
12-11. COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF USCS SOIL GROUPS 318
12-12. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 318
13 EXPANSIVE CLAY 323
13-1. INTRODUCTION 323
13-2. CLAY MINERALS 324
13-3. MAJOR CLAY GROUPS 325
13-4. CATION EXCHANGE 327
13-5. PARTICLE SIZE 328
13-6. ATTERBERG LIMITS 328
13-7. OTHER TEST PROCEDURES 332
13-8. FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CONTENT 334
13-9. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 335
13-10. RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION 338
13-11. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION 341
13-12. INSPECTION FOR EVIDENCE OF RESIDENTIAL DAMAGE 344
13-13. RELEASE OF OVERBURDEN 345
14 CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCK 346
14-1. GENERAL 346
14-2. GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCK 346
14-3. FAULTS IN ROCK MASSES 348
14-4. WEATHERING 348
14-5. CORE BORINGS 349
14-6. ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION 350
14-7. ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE 351
14-8. NEW YORK CITY BUILDING CODE 352
14-9. ROCK GROUTING 353
14-10. BEDROCK 355
APPENDIX A A DISCUSSION OF SHEAR-FRICTION 356
A-I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 356
A-2. DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCING 358
A-3. CLOSING COMMENTS 358
APPENDIX B SHEAR KEY ANALYSIS 360
B-1. TYPICAL SHEAR KEY DETAILS 360
B-2. TYPICAL LOAD REQUIREMENTS 360
B-3. SHEAR KEY THEORY OF DESIGN 361
B-4. RECOMMENDED SHEAR KEY DIMENSIONS 364
B-5. RECOMMENDED TRANSFER FORCE 364
x Table of Contents
APPENDIX C PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A SOIL MASS 366
C-l. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 366
C-2. PRESSURE INDUCED AT ANY POINT BY A
CONCENTRATED LOAD 367
C-3. PRESSURE INDUCED AT ANY POINT BY A CIRCULAR
LOAD 368
C-4. PRESSURE INDUCED AT A CORNER BY A
RECTANGULAR LOAD 368
C-5. PRESSURE INDUCED AT ANY POINT BY A
RECTANGULAR LOAD 370
C-6. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 371
APPENDIX D SLAB ON GROUND-NONEXPANSIVE SOIL 373
D-I. INTRODUCTION 373
D-2. CONSTRUCTION AS A FUNCTION OF CLIMATE 373
D-3. GENERAL DETAILS 374
D-4. REINFORCING STEEL 378
0-5. STONE BASE 380
D-6. FINISHING 382
0-7. GROUND WATER 383
APPENDIX E DOWELS FOR LOAD TRANSFER INTO FOOTINGS 384
E-I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 384
E-2. LENGTH REQUIREMENTS 386
E-3. THE USE OF HOOKS 387
E-4. SIZE LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF DOWELS 388
E-5. SIZE SUBSTITUTION-COMPRESSION BARS 388
APPENDIX F BUOYANCY 389
F-I. GENERAL 389
F-2. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 390
APPENDIX G THE MATHEMATICS OF Ka 396
G-I. INTRODUCTION 396
G-2. THE MATHEMATICS OF TAN a 396
G-3. THE MATHEMATICS OF Ka 398
APPENDIX H THE MATHEMATICS OF MOHR'S CIRCLE 399
H-1. PROOF THAT THE LOCUS OF POINTS IN FIGURE 4-5 IS A
CIRCLE 399
H-2. PROOF THAT THE CENTRAL ANGLE BCD IN FIGURE 4-6
EQUALS 2i 400
REFERENCES 401
INDEX 403
Acknowledgments
To the following graduate students from
The University of Texas at Arlington
Artwork by
Daniel Keith Maple
and
Sherry Leigh Penley
Editing by
Erin Marie Walters
Pictorial contributions by
Turgut M. Basdemir
Matthieu O. Chesaux
Matthew R. Farrington
James J. Kunz
Randy P. Mao
Marc A. McCollom
Kimi Sue Mittleman
Elizabeth A. Pekinpaugh
John D. Seeley
David B. Williamson
xi