Soil Restoration PDF
Preview Soil Restoration
Advances in Soil Science Advances in Soil Science B.A. Stewart, Editor Editorial Board R. Lal C.W. Rose U. Schwertmann B.A. Stewart P.B. Tinker R.J. Wagenet B.Yaron Advances in Soil Science Volume 17 Soil Restoration Edited by R. Lal and B.A. Stewart With Contributions by J.K. Cronk, J.P. Curry, D. Dent, W.T. Frankenberger, J.A. Good, N.N. Goswami, F.M. Hons, L.R. Hossner, R. Lal, T.J. Logan, W.J. Mitsch, T.J. Nimlos, R. Prasad, W.E. Sopper, B.A. Stewart, and E.T. Thompson-Eagle With 97 lllustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest RattanLal Department of Agronomy Ohio State University Room 202 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, OH 43210-1086 USA B.A. Stewart USDA Conservation and Production Research Lab Bushland, TX 79012 USA ISSN: 0176-9340 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Copyright is not claimed for works by U.S. Government employees. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Spr.nger-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NT 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or here- after developed is forbiden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Karen Phillips Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-J3:978-1-4612-7684·5 e-ISBN-13:978·1-4612-2820·2 DOl: 10.1007/978·1-4612-2820·2 Preface Soil degradation is clearly one of the most pressing problems facing man- kind. A continuation of soil degradation will eventually lead to a loss in crop productivity even though fertilizers and other inputs often result in increased yields in the short term. Soil degradation also leads to environ- mental pollution. A decrease in soil quality invariably leads to a decrease in water quality, and often in air quality. While there is a clear consensus that soil degradation is a major problem, the literature on this subject leaves numerous baffling questions. If statis- tics on land degradation are correct, there is a definite cause for concern, and present a mammoth challenge for agricultural scientists. There are those that say the scientific community has over dramatized this issue, and created a credibility problem. Consequently; Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was organized by Dr. Rattan Lal who is recognized as a lead- ing authority on the subject. The objective of Volume 11 was to assess the types and processes of soil degradation and establish some of the major cause-effect relationships. Volume II documented the seriousness of soil degradation in many parts of the world. Therefore, it seemed immediately important to devote a volume to the principles and technologies for restor- ing degraded soils to a productive status. While the land resources are limited, world population is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. Dr. Rattan Lal has again assumed the leadership in selecting leading authorities to address these critical issues. The scientific principles for restoring many degraded soils are known and practical technologies are available in many cases. This Volume will analyze and summarize the sci- entific information on this important topic, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs. I want to thank Dr. Lal for his leadership in developing this Volume, the authors for their excellent contributions, and the Springer-Verlag staff for their kind assistance and counsel. Finally, and most importantly, I thank the readers for their acceptance and use of Advances in Soil Science. Fu- v vi Preface ture volumes will continue to include a mix of single topic volumes with guest editors and volumes covering a wide array of soil science topics. B.A. Stewart Contents Preface........................................................... v Contributors ...................................................... xi Need for Land Restoration ......................................... 1 R. Lal and B.A. Stewart I. Introduction............................................... 1 II. Basic Concepts of Land Restoration ........................ 2 III. Global Extent of Soil Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IV. Land Hunger .............................................. 6 V. Need for Soil Restoration. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . 8 VI. Conclusion ........................ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References ................................................ 9 Reclamation of Chemically Degraded Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 T.J. Logan I. Introduction............................................... 13 II. Principles of Soil Reclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 III. Conclusions ............................................... 31 References................................................ 31 Soil Fertility Restoration and Management for Sustainable Agriculture in South Asia .......................................... 37 R. Prasad and N.N. Goswami I: Introduction............................................... 37 II. Soils, Climate, and Crops of South Asia .................... 38 III. Soils Under Shifting Cultivation ............................ 42 IV. Soils Under Intensive Cultivation... .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. . .. .. . 45 V. Soils Under Salinity or Sodicity . . ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. . .. . 65 VI. Summary and Conclusions ................................. 69 References ................................................ 70 vii viii Contents Reclamation of Acid Sulphate Soils ................................. 79 D. Dent I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 II. Previous Reviews and Major Sources....................... 80 III. Formation and Characteristics of Acid Sulphate Soils. . . . . . . . 81 IV. Alternative Strategies for Reclamation ..................... 90 V. Minimum-Disturbance Strategies........................... 92 VI. Reclamation by Leaching and Liming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 VII. Summary and Conclusions ................................. 114 References ................................................ 117 Restoring Land Degraded by Gully Erosion in the Tropics ........... 123 R. Lal I. Introduction............................................... 123 II. Mechanisms of Gully Formation and Advance .............. 127 III. Factors Affecting Gully Erosion ............................ 129 IV. Anthropogenic Causes Responsible for Gully Erosion....... 131 V: Watershed Factors in Gully Erosion........................ 135 VI. Measurement and Evaluation of Gully Erosion ............. 139 VII. Gully Erosion Control..................................... 141 VIII. Conclusions ............................................... 149 References ................................................ 149 Reclamation ofIndurated, Volcanic-Ash Materials in Latin America 153 T.J. Nimlos I. Introduction............................................... 153 II. Nomenclature............................................. 154 III. Genesis ofIndurated, Volcanic-Ash Materials.............. 156 IV. Classification of Indurated Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 V. Properties ofIndurated Materials .......................... 160 VI. Distribution and Extent of Indurated Materials ............. 161 VII. Soil Erosion on Indurated Materials ........................ 164 VIII. Reclamation of Exposed Indurated Materials ............... 166 IX. Summary.................................................. 168 References................................................ 168 Soil Faunal Degradation and Restoration ........................... 171 J.P. Curry andJ.A. Good I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 II. The Composition of the Fauna ............................. 172 III. Influence of Fauna on Soil Fertility......................... 173 IV. Land Disturbance and Faunal Degradation ................. 179 Contents ix V. Restoring Soil Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 VI. Faunal Indicators and Biological Monitoring of Soil Quality 194 VII. Conclusion ................................................ 202 References ................................................ 203 Creation and Restoration of Wetlands: Some Design Considerations for Ecological Engineering ......................................... 217 W.J. Mitsch and J. K. Cronk I. Introduction............................................... 217 II. Wetland Design ........................................... 224 III. Summary.................................................. 251 References ................................................ 252 Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Selenium ................ 261 E. T. Thompson-Eagle and W. T. Frankenberger, Jr. I. Introduction............................................... 262 II. Geochemistry ............................................. 262 III. Deficiencies and Toxicity of Selenium ...................... 268 IV. Vegetation Uptake........................................ 270 V. Microbial Transformations ................................. 271 VI. Bioremediation of Selenium Contaminated Soils: San Joaquin Valley, California-A Case History............ 291 VII. Remediation of Seleniferous Sediments and Water. . . . . . . . . . 294 VIII. Conclusions ........................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 References ................................................ 301 Reclamation of Mine Tailings ...................................... 311 L.R. Rossner and F.M. Rons I. Introduction............................................... 311 II. Distribution of Tailings .................................... 312 III. Environmental Consequences.............................. 313 IV. Limitations to Tailings Reclamation........................ 313 V. Mine Tailings Reclamation................................. 320 VI. Summary.................................................. 337 References ................................................ 340 Reclamation of Mine Land Using Municipal Sludge. .. ... ... .... .... . 351 W.E. Sopper I. Introduction............................................... 351 II. Review of Land Reclamation Projects Using Municipal Sludge .................................................... 355 x Contents III. Summary.................................................. 418 Appendix ................................................. 418 References ................................................ 420 Researcher and Development Priorities for Soil Restoration . . . . . . . . .. 433 R. Lal and B.A. Stewart I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 II. Approaches to Soil Restoration ............................ 434 III. Strategies and Policies ..................................... 437 IV. Conclusions ............................................... 438 References ................................................ 438 Index............................................................. 441
The list of books you might like
