Soil Nailing: A Practical Guide

355 Pages·2021·71.103 MB·English

by  Raymond Cheung, Ken Ho

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For more information about this series, please visit: https :/ /ww w .rou tledg e .com /
Applied- Ge otech nics/ book- ser ie s/ APP GEOT
Soil Nailing
A Practical Guide
Raymond Cheung and Ken Ho
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cheung, Raymond, (Geotechnical engineer), author. | Ho, Ken, author.
Title: Soil nailing : a practical guide / Raymond Cheung and Ken Ho.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020049302 (print) | LCCN 2020049303 (ebook) | ISBN
9781138031876 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367816261 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Soil nailing.
Classification: LCC TA749 .C46 2021 (print) | LCC TA749 (ebook) | DDC
624.1/51363--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049302
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049303
ISBN: 978-1-138-03187-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-81626-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
List of figures xv
List of tables xxi
Preface xxv
Author biographies xxvii
Symbols xxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview and intended readership of the book 1
1.2 Earth structure stabilization methods 2
1.2.1 General 2
1.2.2 Reduction of driving forces 2
1.2.3 Enhancement of resistance 3
1.2.4 Difference between soil nailing and other soil
reinforcement methods 4
1.3 A brief history of the soil nailing technique 5
1.3.1 Origins of the soil nailing technique 5
1.3.2 Development of the soil nailing technique in
France and Germany 6
1.3.3 Development of the soil nailing technique in
the UK 8
1.3.4 Development of the soil nailing technique in
North America 9
1.3.5 Development of the soil nailing technique in
South America 10
1.3.6 Development of the soil nailing technique in
Japan 10
1.3.7 Development of the soil nailing technique in
Hong Kong 11
v
vi C ontents
1.4 Components of a soil nailed structure 11
1.5 Areas of application 12
1.5.1 Slopes 14
1.5.2 Existing retaining walls and embankments 15
1.5.3 Temporary excavations 16
1.5.4 Urgent repair works 16
1.6 Merits and limitations 16
1.7 Concluding remarks 18
References 18
2 Fundamentals and concepts 21
2.1 Mechanism of a soil nailed structure 21
2.2 Nail-ground interaction 24
2.2.1 General 24
2.2.2 Orientation and inclination of soil nails 25
2.2.2.1 Laboratory tests 25
2.2.2.2 Numerical simulations 28
2.2.2.3 Full-scale field tests 29
2.2.3 Bending and shear resistance of soil nails 32
2.2.4 Soil nail heads and facing 38
2.2.4.1 Numerical simulations 38
2.2.4.2 Model tests 41
2.2.4.3 Full-scale field tests 44
2.2.5 Pullout resistance of soil nails 48
2.3 Deformation of soil nailed structures 48
2.4 Robustness and reliability of soil nails 58
2.4.1 Robustness 58
2.4.2 Reliability 61
2.5 Concluding remarks 65
References 66
3 Site investigation 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Scope and sequence of site investigation 72
3.2.1 General 72
3.2.2 Desk study 73
3.2.3 Site reconnaissance 73
Contents vii
3.2.4 Subsurface exploration 74
3.2.5 Follow-up investigation for design review
during construction 75
3.3 Subsurface exploration techniques 75
3.3.1 General 75
3.3.2 Trial pits and trench excavation 76
3.3.3 Boreholes 76
3.3.4 Probing 77
3.4 Testing and monitoring 77
3.4.1 In situ field testing 77
3.4.2 Laboratory testing 78
3.4.3 Pullout test 78
3.4.4 Groundwater monitoring 79
3.4.5 Chemical test 79
3.5 Buildability of soil nails 80
3.6 Concluding remarks 82
References 83
4 Design and analysis 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Preliminary design 85
4.2.1 General 85
4.2.2 Design requirements 87
4.2.3 Modes of failure 87
4.2.3.1 External failure mechanisms 87
4.2.3.2 Internal failure mechanisms 89
4.2.4 Loading conditions 90
4.2.5 Site constraints and buildability 92
4.2.5.1 Access 92
4.2.5.2 Ground and groundwater
conditions 93
4.2.5.3 Other constraints 93
4.2.6 Layout and dimensions of soil nails 93
4.2.6.1 Pattern 93
4.2.6.2 Inclination 95
4.2.6.3 Spacing 96
4.2.6.4 Nail length 97
viii C ontents
4.3 Approach for detailed design 98
4.4 Design for safety 99
4.4.1 General 99
4.4.2 Models 100
4.4.3 Safety margin 100
4.4.3.1 External stability (ASD
approach) 101
4.4.3.2 Internal stability (ASD approach) 102
4.4.3.3 Partial safety factors (LRFD
approach) 103
4.4.4 Methods of analysis 106
4.5 Design for serviceability 109
4.5.1 General 109
4.5.2 Deformation 109
4.6 Design for durability 112
4.7 Drainage 113
4.7.1 General 113
4.7.2 Temporary drainage system during
construction 115
4.7.3 Permanent drainage system 116
4.7.3.1 Surface water control 116
4.7.3.2 Groundwater control 116
4.7.3.3 Control of water affecting the
facing 118
4.8 Aesthetics and landscaping 119
4.9 Soil nail head and facing 121
4.9.1 Soil nail head 121
4.9.2 Facing 122
4.10 Materials 127
4.10.1 Reinforcement 127
4.10.2 Connection components 131
4.10.2.1 Couplers with threads 131
4.10.2.2 Couplers with shear bolts 131
4.10.2.3 Metal sleeves swaged onto
reinforcement 131
4.10.3 Centralizers 132
4.10.4 Cement grout mix 132
Contents ix
4.10.5 Corrosion protection 133
4.11 Concluding remarks 133
References 133
5 Durability 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Mechanism of corrosion 138
5.3 Corrosion rate 140
5.3.1 Factors promoting corrosion 140
5.3.2 Evaluation of corrosion rate 141
5.4 Soil corrosivity classification 153
5.5 Corrosion protection measures 156
5.5.1 General 156
5.5.2 Corrosion protection by cement grout 156
5.5.3 Corrosion protection by sacrificial steel
thickness 157
5.5.4 Corrosion protection by metallic coating 158
5.5.5 Corrosion protection by non-metallic
coating 158
5.5.6 Corrosion protection by encapsulation 159
5.5.7 Corrosion protection to nail head and
facing 159
5.6 Corrosion protection practices 160
5.6.1 Corrosion protection practice in France 160
5.6.2 Corrosion protection practice in Germany 161
5.6.3 Corrosion protection practice in the UK 161
5.6.4 Corrosion protection practice in the United
States 161
5.6.5 Corrosion protection practice in the Nordic
countries 165
5.6.6 Corrosion protection practice in Japan 165
5.6.7 Corrosion protection practice in Hong
Kong 166
5.7 Use of other metallic and non-metallic materials 166
5.7.1 Stainless steel 166
5.7.2 Geosynthetic materials 168