Software project management in practice

249 Pages·2002·15.968 MB·English

by  Jalote, Pankaj

SOFTWARE
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
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SOFTWARE P ROJECT O
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MANAGEMENT I N P RACTICE W IN PRACTICE
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PANKAJ J ALOTE PANKAJ J ALOTE
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We often hear about software projects that are late, over budget, or unable to satisfy T

customer needs. Yet some organizations are able to manage project after project M
successfully with desired results. In this book, Pankaj Jalote looks at one such organization, A
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Infosys Technologies, a highly regarded high-maturity organization, and details the processes
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it has in place to manage projects. Revealing exactly how Infosys operates, Jalote provides an G
excellent case study to guide project managers everywhere. The specific Infosys practices E
M
described reflect sound management principles and practices. They are also grounded in
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common sense, and can be incorporated into any organization's software development N
operation easily. T

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With an actual software project from Infosys used as a running example, the author explains ver im P
the key aspects of successful project management—from process planning through project age R
monitoring and closure. The practices discussed are also compatible with the widely adopted : Shu A
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ISBN 978-93-325-4794-0
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Size: 172x235 mmS pine: 10 mm ISBN: 9789332547940 Territory line mQuest
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Software Project
Management in Practice
Pankaj Jalote
96_JALOTE.book Page ii Saturday, June 6, 2015 10:08 AM
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
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information or programs contained herein.
Authorized adaptation from the US edition, entitled Software Project Management in Practice,
ISBN: 0201737213 by Jalote, Pankaj; published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © Pearson
Education Inc., 2002.
Indian Subcontinent Adaptation
Copyright © 2016 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
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ISBN 978-93-325-4794-0
eISBN 978-93-528-6882-7
First Impression
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Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly
known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.
Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309, Uttar Pradesh,
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Registered Office: Module G4, Ground Floor, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Blocks 2 & 9,
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Dedicated to the project managers of Infosys,
and to software project managers across the world.
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This page is intentionally left blank.
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Chapter 1 Managing Software Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Processes and Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Project Management and the CMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Overview of the CMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 KPAs for Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Project Management at Infosys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Background: Infosys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 SEPG Support to Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Senior Management Involvement in Projects . . . . . 12
1.3.4 Training for Project Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.5 The Project Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Overview of the ACIC Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
PART I PROJECT PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 2 Process Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.1 The Infosys Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.1 The Standard Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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2.1.2 Process Tailoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.3 Example: Tailoring for Short-Duration Projects . . . 26
2.2 Requirement Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.1 The Change Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Process Planning for the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter 3 Effort Estimation and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 Estimation and Scheduling Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.1 Effort Estimation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.2 Estimating Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Effort Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 The Bottom-up Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.2 The Top-Down Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.3 The Use Case Points Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.4 Effectiveness of the Overall Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.5 Effort Estimate of the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.1 Overall Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.2 The Effectiveness of the Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.3 Detailed Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.4 The Schedule of the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 4 Quality Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Quality Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.1.1 Procedural Approach to Quality Management . . . . 65
4.1.2 Quantitative Approaches to Quality Management . 66
4.2 Quantitative Quality Management Planning . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.1 Setting the Quality Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.2 Estimating Defects for Other Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2.3 Quality Process Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
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4.3 Defect Prevention Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 The Quality Plan of the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chapter 5 Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
5.1 Concepts of Risks and Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2.1 Risk Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2.2 Risk Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3 Risk Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.3.1 Risk Management Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3.2 Risk Monitoring and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.4.1 The ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.4.2 The XYZ Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Chapter 6 Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
6.1 Concepts in Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2 The Configuration Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.2.1 Planning and Setting Up Configuration
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.2 Perform Configuration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.2.3 Status Monitoring and Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3 The ACIC Configuration Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 7 Measurement and Tracking Planning . . . . . . . . . . .117
7.1 Concepts in Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.1.1 Metrics and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.1.2 Process Monitoring through Statistical
Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
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7.2 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2.1 Collecting Effort Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2.2 Logging and Tracking Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2.3 Measuring Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.2.4 Measuring Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.3 Project Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.4 The ACIC Measurement and Tracking Plan . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter 8 The Project Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.1 The Process Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.1.1 Contents of the PDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.1.2 A Sample Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 The Process Capability Baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.3 Process Assets and the Body of Knowledge System . . . . . . 143
8.4 The Project Management Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.5 Team Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.5.1 Team Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.5.2 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.5.3 Team Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.6 Customer Communication and Issue Resolution . . . . . . . 150
8.7 The Structure of the Project Management Plan . . . . . . . . 150
8.8 The ACIC Project Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
PART II PROJECT EXECUTION AND CLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 9 Project Monitoring and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
9.1 Project Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.1.1 Activities Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.1.2 Defect Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.1.3 Issues Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.1.4 Status Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.2 Milestone Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.2.1 Actual Versus Estimated Analysis of Effort
and Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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CONTENTS ix
9.2.2 Monitoring Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.2.3 Risk-Related Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.2.4 Milestone Analysis for the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . 190
9.3 Activity-Level Analysis Using SPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.4 Defect Analysis and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.4.1 Performing Pareto Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.4.2 Performing Causal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.4.3 Developing and Implementing Solutions . . . . . . . . 199
9.4.4 DP in the ACIC Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
9.5 Process Monitoring and Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.5.1 Conducting the Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.5.2 Follow-up Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
9.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 10 Project Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
10.1 Project Closure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.1.1 The Role of Closure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.1.2 Performing Closure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.1.3 Closure Analysis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.2 The ACIC Closure Analysis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 11 Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Online
11.1 The Review Process
11.1.1 Planning
11.1.2 Overview and Preparation
11.1.3 Group Review Meeting
11.1.4 Rework and Follow-up
11.1.5 One-Person Review
11.1.6 Guidelines for Reviews in Projects