Software Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction: ICSE '94 Workshop on SE-HCI: Joint Research Issues Sorrento, Italy, May 16–17, 1994 Proceedings PDF
Preview Software Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction: ICSE '94 Workshop on SE-HCI: Joint Research Issues Sorrento, Italy, May 16–17, 1994 Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 896 Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen Advisory Board: W. Brauer D. Gries J. Stoer Richard N. Taylor JoElle Coutaz (Eds.) erawtfoS gnireenignE dna retupmoC-namuH noitcaretnI I ICSE '94 Workshop on SE-HCI: Joint Research Issues Sorrento, Italy, May 16-17, 1994 Proceedings r e g n~ i r p S Series Editors Gerhard Goos Universit~t Karlsruhe Vincenz-Priessnitz-Straf3e 3, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Juris Hartmanis Department of Computer Science, Cornell University 4130 Upson Hall, Ithaka, NY 14853, USA Jan van Leeuwen Department of Computer Science, Utrecht University Padualaan 14, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Volume Editors Richard N. Taylor Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, California 92717-3425, USA Jo~lle Coutaz Laboratoire de G6nie Informatique, IMAG BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France CR Subject Classification (1991): D.2, H.5, H.1.2 ISBN 3-540-59008-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York CIP data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All fights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. (cid:14)9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author SPIN: 10485333 45/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Sponsored By Associazione Italiana per l'Informatica ed il Calcolo Automatico (AICA) ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering (SIGSOFT) IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Software Engineering Organizing Committee Richard .N Taylor, Program Co-Chair University of California, Irvine Jo~lle Coutaz, Program Co-Chair LGI-IMAG Len Bass, Software Engineering Institute Richard Chimera, University of Maryland Bill Curtis, TeraQuest Metrics Jonathan Grudin, University of California, Irvine Michael Harrison, York University Pedro Szekely, USC-Information Sciences Institute Table of Contents Introduction Introduction to the Workshop on Software Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction: Joint Research Issues ....................... 1 Jo~lle Coutaz and Richard N. Taylor Working Groups Working Group on Design Methods and Processes .......................... 4 Jonathan Grudin and Roy T. Fielding Working Group on Evaluating User Interfaces and User Interface Tools ..... 9 Richard Chimera Working Group on Formal Methods in HCI and Software Engineering ..... 14 Len Bass Invited Papers Issues in the Evaluation of User Interface Tools ........................... 17 Len Bass, Gregory Abowd and Rick Kazman Platform Independent GUI Builders Advance Software Engineering to Handle IICI Issues ........................................................ 28 Richard Chimera Evaluation Techniques: Exploring the Intersection of ttCI and Software Engineering ..................................................... 35 Jo~lle Coutaz A Review of Formalisms for Describing Interactive Behaviour ............. 49 M.D. Harrison and D.J. Duke User Interface Prototyping: Tools and Techniques ......................... 76 Pedro Szekely Software Engineering and the CHI & CSCW Communities ................ 93 Jonathan Grudin and Sleven Pollrock User Interface Technology and Software Engineering Environments ....... 113 Richard N. Taylor Submitted Papers Integrating Object-Oriented Analysis and Graphical User Interface Design ......................................... 127 Astrid Beck, Christian Janssen, Anette Weisbecker and Jiirgen Ziegler An Experience Using JASMINUM- Formalization Assisting with the Design of User Interfaces ............................................ 141 L.M.F. Carneiro-CoJfin, D.D. Cowan, C.J.P. Lucena and D. Smith From Formal Models to Formal Methods ................................ 159 D.J. Duke and M.D. Harrison Computing Environments for Flexible Teams ............................ 174 Danielle Fafchamps and Pankaj Garg Applying Formal Methods for Human Error Tolerant Design ............. 185 Bob Fields, Peter Wright and Michael Harrison Support of User Interface Design Aspects in a Framework for Distributed Cooperative Applications ................................ 196 Hans- W. Gellersen Prototyping a Visual Formalism for System Modelling ................... 211 Michael W. Godfrey, Richard C. Holt and Spiros Mancoridis User Interface Tools: a Survey and Perspective ........................... 225 Rudolf K. Keller Lessons Learned from a Successful Collaboration Between Software Engineers and Human Interface Engineers ...................... 232 Ellen A. lsaacs, Trevor Morris and Thomas K. Rodriguez Software Engineering and CSCW: A Common Research Ground ......... 241 Jeanne M. Picketing and Rebecca E. Grinter Practical Language-Based Editing for Software Engineers ................ 251 Michael L. Van De Vanter Research Issues in the Intersection of Hypertext and Software Development Environments .................................... 2 68 Hadar Ziv and Leon J. Osterweil Author Index ........................................................ 281 Introduction to the Workshop on Software Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction: Joint Research Issues Jo~lle Coutaz 1 and Richard N. Taylor 2 1 LGI-IMAG, BP ,35 14083 Grenoble Cedex 9 France [email protected] 2 Department of Information and Computer ecneicS University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 5243-71729 U.S.A. ude.icu.sci@rolyat 1 Meeting Purpose and Organization Software Engineering (SE) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) aim to de- velop useful and usable computer systems but they currently do so without sharing a sound scientific common ground. Concepts, methods, and tools are de- veloped in parallel without considering the existence of effective meeting points between the two communities. As a result, terminology unnecessarily differs, fun- damental issues such as usability and development process are addressed by both communities but with distinct priorities, competence, and success, and commu- nication gaps impede the transfer of design decisions along the development process. The goal of this workshop was to bring together researchers from HCI and SE to discuss how the two communities might benefit from each other. To pro- vide overview and context, the first day of the workshop consisted of survey presentations on seven topic areas selected by the workshop organizers: - User interface technology and software engineering environments, - Platform independence, - Prototyping tools and techniques, - Formalisms for describing interactive behavior~ Evaluating user interface tools, - Evaluation of user interfaces, and - - Computer-supported cooperative work. Papers corresponding to these survey presentations are included in these pro- ceedings. The second day of the workshop was devoted to working groups. Three topics were selected for discussion: - Formal methods, - Design, processes, CSCW, and scenarios, and Evaluation of user interfaces, tools, and platforms. - Summaries of the working group discussions are also included in this volume. The third component of the proceedings are the accepted submitted papers. Fifty-eight papers were submitted to the workshop. Of these, eleven were selected for publication. Each paper has been through two separate rounds of review and revision; we believe the result is a high quality proceedings. The workshop participants appear to have been fairly equally drawn from both the tICI and SE communities, for several IICI people stated that they felt the meeting was dominated by software engineers, while several software engineers stated they felt the meeting was dominated by "iiC-types". 2 Insights While many insights and lessons emerged from the workshop, and are docu- mented in the pages that follow, several issues surfaced so frequently that we summarize them here. The first is that high-quality interactive systems require a multi-disciplinary approach. This is not news. It is surprising, however, that this principle still needs to be proclaimed from the house-tops. Although designers and developers are conceptually convinced of the mutual benefits of multi-disciplinary collaboration, in practice HCI is said to be too expensive and unable to provide the non- specialist with operational results. Except for criticM systems where security is the driving factor, development teams are primarily composed of computer scientists. The existence of convenient interface building tools can make it easy to ignore advice to form multi-disciplinary teams. Interface builders and UIMS technology have been recognized as useful tools for rapid prototyping and iterative design. However, prototyping without the competence, time, or conviction to perform usability tests with representative users frequently results in unusable systems. Interface builders make bad user interfaces easy to build. They do not transform software developers into HCI specialists. Worse, they reinforce the erroneous belief that the user interface is merely the perceivable surface of the system. A second frequent theme of the discussions was the need for and value of task modeling. Task modeling is an important engineering activity that commonly is not well understood or applied by computer scientists. HCI specialists analyze problem domains and existing computerized tasks in the application setting. A task model of the work domain results. This model makes explicit the structural decomposition of the users' tasks as well as their temporal relationships. Solution design begins by allocating tasks among computers and users. Tasks allocated to computing elements define what software engineers call the functional require- ments. All too often, when eliciting a system's requirements, software engineers focus immediately on the functions that the system should perform, without formalizing the work context in detail. Inadequate architectural decisions may result from this kind of methodological gap. Discussions at the workshop also frequently revealed the need for notations that are capable of crossing disciplinary boundaries. Absence of compatible no- tations can result in information being lost between steps in the development process. In both SE and HCI, notations are used to express the results of, e.g., modeling activities and design decisions. Since a notation serves a specific pur- pose for a specific community, a "one notation fits all" principle is infeasible. Clearly, each community should be able to maintain its preferences but these preferences should be expressible in terms transferable to partners in another community. For example, task analysis performed in ttCI is typically function- centered. How compatible is it with the object-oriented paradigm advocated in SE? One approach to addressing this need is development of mechanisms that insure interoperability between existing notations. Another effective approach is, of course, cross disciplinary education. Naturally many more key issues were raised in the discussions. Many of these are captured in the working group reports, as well as the survey and submitted papers. We extend our great appreciation to all the participants for making this workshop such a valuable experience.
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