Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences PDF
Preview Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences
RudolfSeisingandVeronicaSanz(Eds.) SoftComputinginHumanitiesandSocialSciences Studiesin Fuzziness andSoft Computing,Volume273 Editor-in-Chief Prof.JanuszKacprzyk SystemsResearchInstitute PolishAcademyofSciences ul.Newelska6 01-447Warsaw Poland E-mail:[email protected] Furthervolumesofthisseriescanbefoundonourhomepage:springer.com Vol.258.JorgeCasillasand Vol.266.EdwinLughofer FranciscoJoséMartínezLópez EvolvingFuzzySystems–Methodologies, MarketingIntelligentSystems AdvancedConceptsandApplications,2011 UsingSoftComputing,2010 ISBN978-3-642-18086-6 ISBN978-3-642-15605-2 Vol.267.EnriqueHerrera-Viedma, Vol.259.AlexanderGegov JoséLuisGarcía-Lapresta,JanuszKacprzyk, FuzzyNetworksforComplex MarioFedrizzi,HannuNurmi,and Systems,2010 SławomirZadroz˙ny ISBN978-3-642-15599-4 ConsensualProcesses,2011 Vol.260.JordiRecasens ISBN978-3-642-20532-3 IndistinguishabilityOperators,2010 Vol.268.OlgaPoleshchukand ISBN978-3-642-16221-3 EvgeniyKomarov Vol.261.ChrisCornelis,GladDeschrijver, ExpertFuzzyInformationProcessing,2011 MikeNachtegael,StevenSchockaert, ISBN978-3-642-20124-0 andYunShi(Eds.) Vol.269.KasthuriranganGopalakrishnan, 35YearsofFuzzySetTheory,2010 SiddharthaKumarKhaitan,and ISBN978-3-642-16628-0 SoterisKalogirou(Eds.) Vol.262.ZsófiaLendek,ThierryMarieGuerra, SoftComputinginGreenandRenewableEnergy RobertBabuška,andBartDeSchutter Systems,2011 StabilityAnalysisandNonlinearObserver ISBN978-3-642-22175-0 DesignUsingTakagi-Sugeno FuzzyModels,2010 Vol.270.ChristerCarlssonandRobertFullér ISBN978-3-642-16775-1 PossibilityforDecision,2011 ISBN978-3-642-22641-0 Vol.263.JiupingXuandXiaoyangZhou Fuzzy-LikeMultipleObjectiveDecision Vol.271.EnricTrillas,P.Bonissone, Making,2010 LuisMagdalenaandJanuszKacprzyk ISBN978-3-642-16894-9 CombiningExperimentationandTheory,2011 Vol.264.Hak-KeungLamand ISBN978-3-642-24665-4 FrankHung-FatLeung Vol.272.OscarCastillo StabilityAnalysisofFuzzy-Model-Based Type-2FuzzyLogicinIntelligentControl ControlSystems,2011 Applications,2012 ISBN978-3-642-17843-6 ISBN978-3-642-24662-3 Vol.265.RonaldR.Yager,JanuszKacprzyk, andProf.GlebBeliakov(eds.) Vol.273.RudolfSeisingand RecentDevelopmentsintheOrdered VeronicaSanz(Eds.) WeightedAveragingOperators: SoftComputinginHumanitiesandSocial TheoryandPractice,2011 Sciences,2012 ISBN978-3-642-17909-9 ISBN978-3-642-24671-5 Rudolf Seising and Veronica Sanz (Eds.) Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences ABC Editors Dr.RudolfSeising EuropeanCentreforSoftComputing EdificioInvestigación 3aPlanta. CGonzaloGutiérrezQuirósS/N 33600Mieres,Asturias Spain E-mail:[email protected] Dr.VeronicaSanz Science,TechnologyandSocietyCenter UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley 470StephensHall Berkeley,CA94720-2350 USA E-mail:[email protected] ISBN978-3-642-24671-5 e-ISBN978-3-642-24672-2 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-24672-2 StudiesinFuzzinessandSoftComputing ISSN1434-9922 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011940007 (cid:2)c 2012Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright. Allrightsarereserved, whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindata banks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisions oftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermission forusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliabletoprosecutionunderthe GermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typeset&CoverDesign:ScientificPublishingServicesPvt.Ltd.,Chennai,India. Printedonacid-freepaper 987654321 springer.com Preface ThefieldofSoftComputinginHumanitiesandSocialSciencesisataturningpoint. Notverylongago,theverylabelseemedalittlebitodd.SoftComputingisatech- nologicalfieldwhileHumanitiesandSocialSciencesfallundertheotherpoleofthe “twocultures”definedbyC.P.Snowin1959.Intherecentyears,however,thishas changed.Thestrongdistinctionbetween“science”and“humanities”hasbeencrit- icizedfrommanyfrontsand,atthesame time,anincreasingcooperationbetween theso-called“hardsciences”and“soft-sciences”istakingplaceinawiderangeof scientificprojectsdealingwithverycomplexandinterdisciplinarytopics. InthelastfifteenyearstheareaofSoftComputinghasalsoexperiencedagradual rapprochementtodisciplinesintheHumanitiesandSocialSciences,andalsointhe fieldofMedicine,BiologyandeventheArts,aphenomenonthatdidnotoccurmuch inthepreviousyears(tothesurpriseoftheveryfounderofthefield,LotfiZadeh). Thecollectionofthisbookpresentsageneroussamplingofthenewandburgeon- ing field of SoftComputingin Humanitiesand SocialSciences, bringingtogether awidearrayofauthorsandsubjectmattersfromdifferentdisciplines.Someofthe contributorsof the book belongto the scientific and technical areas of Soft Com- putingwhileotherscomefromvariousfieldsinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences suchasPhilosophy,History,SociologyorEconomics. Thesixsectionsinwhichthevolumeisdividedrepresentsomeofthemostrele- vanttopicsthathaveresultfromfruitfulexchangestakenplaceonthistopicinthe lastyearsinseveralworkshops,seminarsandspecialsessions.Theseareonlyanex- ampleofwhattheinterestingencounterandconversationsbetweenSoftComputing andtheHumanitiesandSocialSciencescanyieldinthefuture. Asthisbookwillappearin2011,itfeelswelltoaddresssomespecialdatesand eventsthathappenedduringthetimeweworkedwiththemanuscriptsthathavebeen collectedhere.Intheyear2009AbeMamdanileftusunexpectedlyandsoLadislaus Kohoutpassedaway.InJuly2010JaumeCasasnovasalsoleftusjustafewweeks afterheagreedtowriteacontributiontothisbook.Inmemoryofhimweincludea dedicationwrittenbyhiscolleagueandfriendGasparMayor. VI Preface Ontheotherhand,thepublicationofthisbookcoincideswithsomehappyevents aswell.InFebruary2011LotfiZadehbecame90yearsoldandhalfayearbefore histheoryofFuzzySetsandSystemsbecame45yearsold.Inaddition,thegeneral fieldofSoftComputingisapproachingitsageofmajorityasithasbeenalivefor20 yearsnow.Toallofthesemilestoneswewanttodedicatethisbook. We want to thank the Foundation for the Advancement of Soft Computing, the Scientific Committee of the European Centre for Soft Computing (ECSC) in Mieres,Asturias(Spain)and,especially,totheGeneralDirectoroftheECSC,Luis Magdalena,andthetwoemeritusresearchersClaudioMoragaandEnricTrillasof theunitof“FundamentalsofSoftComputing”fortheirhelpinthedevelopmentof thisproject. We are also very grateful to Springer Verlag (Heidelberg) and in particular to Dr.ThomasDitzingerforhelpingthiseditionfinditswayontothepublisher’slist, andlikewise toJanusz Kacprzyk(Warsaw),whoacceptedthe bookintothe series StudiesinFuzzinessandSoftComputing. Finally,we wouldlike tothankallthecontributorsfortheirenthusiasticpartic- ipation in this book and for creating with us the path for the development of the promisingfieldofSoftComputinginHumanitiesandSocialSciences. June,2011 RudolfSeising VeronicaSanzGonzález Mieres(Asturias),SpainandBerkeley,California,USA Jaume Casasnovas In Memoriam JaumeCasasnovaswasborninPalma(Mallorca,Spain)in1951.Hepastawaytoo soon,attheageof59. In1973,hefinishedhisB.S.degreeinMathematicsattheUniversityofBarcelona. He laterreceivedhisdoctoratein ComputerScience,in1989,fromthe University oftheBalearicIslands(UIB). In 1975,after two yearsworking as an Assistant Professor at the University of Barcelona, he became a Secondary School teacher. He remained in this position until September 1980, when he took over as a SecondarySchool technical super- visor. In 1994, he won a position as Associate Professor at the University of the BalearicIslands.HeremainedinthispositionatthedepartmentofMathematicsand ComputerScienceattheUIBuntilhepassedawayonJuly14th,2010. HisinterestintheteachingofMathematicswaswhatfuelledhisparticipationin designingvariousprojectssuchasMathematicsforEducation,whichisstillpartof the curriculumof the Master of Mathematics,the post-graduatestudies of Mathe- maticsandtheteachingofMathematicsinSecondaryEducationintheUIB. VIII JaumeCasasnovasInMemoriam JaumeCasasnovaswaswithoutadoubtarolemodelintheworldofMathematics educationinourcommunityandhisinfluencewillbefeltforalongtime,especially amonghisuniversitystudentstowhomhewasabletoinstilabigdoseofenthusiasm anddevotionforthissubject. Jaume was not only a great teacher but also a good researcher. In 1989, under theleadershipofProfessorJosepMiró,hefinishedhisPh.D.inComputerScience, withthethesis“Contributiontoaformalizationofthedirectinference”,inwhichhe madeastudyofinferenceofapproximateknowledge.Thisworkmanagesconcepts andresultsofareassuchasapproximateknowledge,multiple-valuedlogic,theories ofpossibilityandneed,etc. Withoutadoubt,hisrelationshipwithProfessorMirówaswhatturnedJaume’s interest towards research in approximate knowledge. During the early eighties, thankstothesignificantsupportofNadalBatle,LlorençValverde,andEnricTrillas, whowasresponsiblefortheintroductionofFuzzyLogicinSpain,therewasagrow- inginterestinthestudyofthisbuddingtheoryinPalma.YearslaterGasparMayor wasabletocreatetheresearchgroupLOBFIattheUIB,whosemaininterestisthe studyofthemathematicalaspectsofFuzzyLogic.Jaumewaspartofthisgroupfor severalyears.HealsoofferedhisknowledgetotheresearchgroupBIOCOM(UIB) inthefieldsofComputationalBiologyandBioinformatics.Hiscontributiontothese researchgroupshasleftascientificandhumanimprintthatwillberememberedfor alongtime. I wouldnotwish to endwithoutmentioningJaume’s personalside. The dictio- narydefinesthewordbonhomieasaffability,plainness,kindness,honesty.Ibelieve thatJaumeCasasnovashasbeenanexcellentexampleofthis. September2010 GasparMayor HeadofLOBFIresearchgroup Contents Preface............................................................ V JaumeCasasnovasInMemoriam .................................... VII GasparMayor PartI: Introduction 1 FromHardScienceandComputingtoSoftScienceand Computing–AnIntroductorySurvey ............................ 3 RudolfSeising,VeronicaSanz 1.1 Introduction ............................................... 3 1.2 HardScienceandHardComputing............................ 6 1.3 FromHardSciencetoArtificialIntelligence .................... 13 1.4 SofteningScience .......................................... 17 1.5 FromArtificialIntelligencetoSoftComputing.................. 22 1.6 SoftComputingandSoftSciences ............................ 26 1.7 Outlook................................................... 27 1.8 TheContributionsinThisVolume............................. 30 References..................................................... 34 PartII: GeneralOverviewsofSoftComputinginHumanitiesand SocialSciences 2 OnSome“familyresemblances”ofFuzzySetTheoryandHuman Sciences....................................................... 39 SettimoTermini 2.1 Introduction ............................................... 39 2.2 Zadeh’sQuestionandaTentativeAnswer ...................... 42 X Contents 2.3 AFewConceptualCorollaries................................ 45 2.4 ATentativeAnalysisofAnotherExample:TrustTheory.......... 47 2.5 Conclusions ............................................... 52 References..................................................... 53 3 WarrenWeaver’s“Scienceandcomplexity”Revisited.............. 55 RudolfSeising 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 55 3.2 WarrenWeaver–ABiographicalSketch ....................... 57 3.3 ScienceandComplexity..................................... 59 3.4 LotfiA.Zadeh,FuzzySetsandSystems–TheWorkofa Lifetime .................................................. 63 3.5 Reflections ................................................ 70 3.6 Outlook................................................... 84 References..................................................... 85 4 HowPhilosophy,ScienceandTechnologiesStudies,andFeminist StudiesofTechnologyCanBeofUseforSoftComputing ........... 89 VeronicaSanz 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 89 4.2 PhilosophicalApproachestoAI .............................. 90 4.3 STSStudiesofAI .......................................... 92 4.4 FeministAnalysisofAI ..................................... 96 4.5 SoftComputingConfrontingPhilosophicalCritiquestoAI........ 99 4.6 SoftComputingConfrontingSTSCritiquestoAI................101 4.7 SoftComputingConfrontingFeministCritiquestoAI............103 4.8 ConclusionRemarks........................................106 References.....................................................108 PartIII: Philosophy,LogicandFuzzyLogic 5 OnExplicandumversusExplicatum..............................113 SettimoTermini 5.1 Introduction ...............................................113 5.2 Carnap’sProblem ..........................................113 5.3 AUnifyingFrameworkforLookingatTypicalCaseStudies.......116 5.4 AsaSortofConclusion .....................................121 References.....................................................123 6 AxiomaticInvestigationofFuzzyProbabilities.....................125 TakehikoNakama,EnricTrillas,ItziarGarcía-Honrado 6.1 Introduction ...............................................125 6.2 Preliminaries ..............................................126 6.3 ProbabilityFunctionsasMembershipFunctions.................127
The list of books you might like
